Biotechnology

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Biotechnology

• Mader 19.4

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Restriction Enzymes- Cut and paste DNA
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Cloning a gene
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Making Transgenic Animals
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(No Transcript)
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Transgenic corn makes bacterial toxin that kills
corn borers
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PCR Can Amplify Minute Amounts of specific DNA
segmemts.
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DNA Profiling

• Some of the non coding DNA in genomes is found as
  short tandem repeated sequences called
  microsatilites.
• A given tandem repeat will be flanked on either
  end by a target sequence
• In different individuals the number of repeats
  between targets varies (alleles)

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PCR Products are analyzed by gel electrophoresis
Using the same primer we can detect several
repeat number alleles.
L S
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DNA profiling using microsatellite markers

• DNA fingerprinting/profiling is a powerful method
  of determining the genetic identity of a single
  person. Since every individual's DNA is unique,
  with the exception of identical twins, DNA
  testing can be the key in solving criminal cases
  by conclusively identifying an individual through
  biological evidence found at the scene. Using 13
  markers, the average probability that two
  individuals selected at random have an identical
  DNA profile is approximately 1800 trillion to 1
  for African-Americans and approximately 380
  trillion to 1 for U.S. Caucasians. Theoretically,
  this means that, with the exception of identical
  twins, no two individuals in the world should
  have identical DNA profiles.

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How Does The DNA Test Work in Forensic/Non-Forensi
c Cases?

• Specimens collected from the crime scene(s) and
  suspect(s) are analyzed using 13 DNA
  microsatellite markers. The DNA profile obtained
  from the crime scene is compared with the DNA
  profile from the suspect. If both DNA profiles
  are identical, then it is determined to be a
  match and a random match probability is
  calculated. The random match probability is the
  chance that another, unrelated, individual would
  also match the obtained DNA profile. If there are
  any differences between the DNA profile obtained
  from the crime scene and the suspected individual
  then it is concluded that the crime scene sample
  did not come from the suspect.

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Testing paternity with microsatelite markers

• The mother's (M) microsatellite markers are shown
  in blue. Both children have one copy of the
  microsatellite marker (blue) that is the same
  size as one of the mother's. This copy of the
  marker was passed on from mother to child. The
  children's other copy, shown in red, was
  inherited from alleged father 1 (F1). Both copies
  of the second alleged father's marker (F2), shown
  in green, are completely different in size from
  the children's blue and red copies. This means
  that alleged father 2 (F2) is not the biological
  father of either child. Therefore, alleged father
  1 (F1) is the biological father of both children
  and alleged father 2 (F2) is not the biological
  father of either child.

• M Mother, C1-2 Two Children, F1-2 Two
  Alleged Fathers