Pathogenicity of B and Immunity against Bacterial Infections(Infection and Immunity)

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• Chapter 5
• Pathogenicity of B and Immunity against
  Bacterial Infections(Infection and Immunity)

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1. Normal Flora and opportunistic B (fig)

• ?.Normal flora
• 1.Biological antagonism
• 2.Nutritional function
• 3.Induction of immune response
• 4.Growth and aging

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• ?.Opportunistic pathogens
• 1.Change of normal habit
• 2.Endogenous infection
• 3.Dysbacteriosis
• ?.Hospital acquired infection
• (nosocomial infection)
• 1.Cross- infection patients,doctors
• 2.Endogenous from patient himself
• 3.Iatrogenic (instrument)

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2 Mechanisms of Bacterial pathogenicity
virulence LD50 , ID50

• ?.Bacterial virulence
• (?) Invasiveness
• 1. B surface structure
• (1)Adhesive factors pili and lipoteichoic
  acid(LTA)
• (2)Capsule and microcapsule M-pro , Vi-Ag .
  K-Ag.
• 2. Invasive enzyme
• coagulase , SK , SD ,spreading factor.

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• (?) Toxin
• 1. Exotoxins
• (1)G produce .
• (2)Protein in nature
• (3)Specific (disease)
• (4)Lethal
• (5)Neuro , Cyto , Entero
• (6)A toxic
• B non-toxic , binding to cells .
• 0.30.4 formaldehyde
• (7) Exotoxin -----------------------? toxoid
  -----------?
• immunize animal ?Antitoxin

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• 2.Endotoxins
• G-, LPS , heat stable .
• (1)Fever(pyrogens)
• (2)Leukocyte response
• (3)Hypotension and shock
• (4)DIC
• (5)Shwartzmans phenomenon
• (6)etc
• a.active B , T , MF.
• b.induce TNF , IFN ,CSF ,IL-6
• Endotoxin detect
• Limulus test .

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• ?.Number of Invading B
• ?.Portal of Entry

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3. Host Immunity against Bacterial
Infections

• ?.Non-specific Immunity
• (?)Barrier Structure
• 1.Skin and mucous membrane
• (1)mechanical factors
• (2)chemical factors
• (3)biological factors
• 2.Blood-Brain-Barrier
• 3.Placental Barrier

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(?)  Phagocyte

• 1. Process and Mechanisms of Phagocytosis
• (1)Chemotaxis and adherence
• (2)Ingestion
• (3)Intracellular killing
• a. Oxygen-dependent system
• MPO
• Non-MPO
• b. oxygen-independent system
• 2. Fate of B after phagocytosis
• (1)complete
• (2)incomplete TB

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(?)Anti-bacterial

• Substances in serum and body fluids
• 1.Complement
• 2.ß-lysin
• 3. Lysozyme

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• ?.Specific Immunity
• Humoral
• Cellular
• ?.Immunity to extracellular bacterial
• infections
• ?. Immunity to intracellular bacterial
• infections(cellular immunity)
• ?.Immunity to exotoxins(Anti-toxins)

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4. Occuring and Developing of
Infections

• ?.Origins of infections
• (?)Exogenous infection
• 1.Patients
• 2.Carriers
• 3.Animals suffering from disease
• (Carrying B)
• (?)Endogenous infection

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?.Ways of infection transmission

• 1.Respiratory tract
• 2.Gastrointestinal tract
• 3.Wound / injury
• 4.Contact
• 5.Bites by insects
• 6. Multiple ways

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• (?)No-infection
• (?)Inapparent infection
• (?)Latent infection
• (?)Apparent
• 1.Acute infection
• 2.Chronic infection
• Infection Sites
• 1.Local infection
• 2.Systemic infection

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• (1)toxemia
• (2)bacteremia
• (3)septicemia
• (4)pyemia
• (5)endotoxemia
• (?) Carrier
• ?.Influence of Environment on Infection
• (?)Natural environment
• (?)Social environment

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• Chapter 6
• Principles of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment
  for Bacterial Infections

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1. Diagnosis of B

• ?.Specimens
• 1.diseases and sites
• 2.aseptic
• 3.before using antibiotics
• 4.from obvious diseased sites
• 5.fresh , quickly send to lab
• 6.cold
• 7.labeled

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?.Procedures of Diagnosis

• (?) Microscopy stains
• (?)Culture
• (?)Biochemical reaction
• (?)Serology
• (?)Animal test
• (?)Drug sensitivity
• (?)etc
• 1.HPLC
• 2.PCR
• 3.Phage
• 4.Bacteriocin
• 5.Plasmid fingerprinting

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• (?)Dead Vaccines
• (?)Live Attenuated Vaccines
• (?)Toxoid
• (?)Polysaccharide
• (?)Autovaccine

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4. Artificial Passive Immunization

• (?)Anti-toxin
• (?)Anti-Bacterial Serum
• (?)Placental globulin , ?
• (?)Preparations for CI
• TF,iRNA,IFN,IL,CTL,LAK,etc.