Lymphatic System and Immunity

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Lymphatic System and Immunity
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The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Functions and Structures 1. LYMPH- watery fluid
that goes between capillary blood and tissues -
transports pathogens to lymph nodes where they
can be destroyed - INTERSTITIAL FLUID filters
out of capillaries into the
microscopic spaces between cells 2. LYMPH
VESSELS- transport excess tissue fluid back into
circulatory system. 3. LYMPH NODES- produce
lymphocytes, filter out harmful bacteria.
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Structures of the lymphatic system

• Lymph vessels
• closely parallel veins
• transport lymph

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Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels parallel to blood vessels
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Structures of the lymphatic system

• Lymph vessels
• Lacteals
• Specialized lymph vessels in the small
  intestinesin each villi

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Structures of the lymphatic system

• Lymph vessels
• Lymphatic ducts
• Large lymph vessels
• Thoracic duct
• Also called the left lymphatic duct
• receives lymph from the left sideempties into
  left subclavian vein
• Right lymphatic duct
• Lymph flows only in one direction

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Structures of the lymphatic system

• Lymph nodes
• tiny, oval-shaped structures
• range in size from a pinhead to an almond
• Act as filters
• Located alone or grouped large cluster in the
  neck and under the arms
• If substance cant be destroyed, node becomes
  inflamed

Lymph node
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Structures of the lymphatic system

• Tonsils
• 3 pairs
• masses of lymphatic tissue
• Palatine tonsils
• sides of throat
• Adenoids
• upper throat
• Lingual tonsils
• back of tongue

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Structures of the lymphatic system

• Spleen
• Spongy organ in the upper-left quadrant of
  abdomen
• Forms lymphocytes and monocytes
• Filters blood
• Stores large amounts of RBCs contracts during
  vigorous exercise or loss of blood to release RBCs

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Spleen continued..

• Destroys or removes old, fragile RBCs
• Not an essential organmore needed in children
• If injured (blunt force trauma) may cause
  internal bleeding due to rich blood supply

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Structures of the lymphatic system

• Thymus gland
• located in the upper, anterior chest
• also an endocrine gland
• disappearing gland

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The Lymphatic System

• What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
• 1. Fluid Balance
• 2. Lymphocyte Production
• 3. Filtration
• 4. Immunity

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The Lymphatic System

• Fluid balance
• returning fluid from the interstitial compartment
  to the bloodstream
• transferring excess water from the bloodstream
  to the tissue fluid
• compensating for hypovolemia by releasing stored
  fluid to the tissues
• compensating for hypervolemia by absorbing and
  storing excess fluid

____Fluid IN
____Fluid OUT
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The Lymphatic System

• Lymphocyte production
• What are lymphocytes?
• What do they do?

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The Lymphatic System

• Filtration
• Lymph nodes filter fluid to remove
  pathogensfluid then delivered to other lymphatic
  vessels.

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The Lymphatic System
The bodys ability to resist pathogens
Present at birth, inherited and permanent
The bodys response to a pathogen
Artifically acquired by injecting
antibodieslasts 3-5 weeksimmediate immunity
Lasts longeryour body responds to a pathogen
Result of recovering from a disease
Being vaccinated / immunized (antigen injected to
stimulate production of antibodies)
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The Lymphatic System

• Natural immunity
• (Innate) at birth, inherited and permanent.
• Includes anatomical barriers
• Unbroken skin
• Mucus and tears
• Blood phagocytes
• Local inflammation

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The Lymphatic System

• Acquired immunity Active and Passive
• Occurs as a result of exposure to invaders -
  Lasts longertwo types

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The Lymphatic System

• Acquired immunity Active
• Natural
• A result of having had and recovered from a
  disease.
• For example a child who had measles will usually
  not get it again childs body has manufactured
  antibodies against disease

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The Lymphatic System

• Acquired immunity Passive
• Natural baby gets from mothers placenta or
  mothers milk

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The Lymphatic System

• Acquired immunity Active
• Artificial
• Natural

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The Lymphatic System
Acquired immunity
Active
Artificial Should immunizations be required?
Why or why not?
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HYPERSENSITIVITY

• When the bodys immune system fails to protect
  itself against foreign material, and instead, the
  antibodies formed irritate certain body cells.
• An abnormal response to a drug or allergen.
• An ALLERGEN is an antigen that causes allergic
  reaction responses. (Examples of allergens
  ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods,etc.)

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The Lymphatic System

• Anaphylactic shock
• Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction
• Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a
• massive secretion of histamine
• Symptoms breathing problems, headache, facial
  swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps,
  and vomiting
• Rx - adrenaline
• Needs to wear a medic-alert bracelet / tag

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The Lymphatic System

• AIDS
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• Caused by HTLV-III (human T-lymphotrophic virus
  type III) Commonly caused HIV or Human
  Immunodeficiency Virus.
• Affects not only homosexual males but all
  populations

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• The patient with AIDS cannot fight off cancers
  and most infections
• Three responses to HIV infection
• AIDS
• ARC (AIDS related complex)
• Asymptomatic infection
• Screening tests (anonymous) for HIV/AIDS are
  available

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Symptoms of AIDS

• Prolonged fatigue
• Persistent fevers or night sweats
• Persistent, unexplained cough
• Thick coating in throat or on tongue
• Easy bruising, unexplained bleeding
• Appearance of purple lesions on mucous membranes
  or skin that dont go away
• Chronic diarrhea
• Shortness of breath
• Unexplained lymphadenopathy
• Unexplained weight loss, 10lbs or more, in less
  than 2 months
• Incubation period 1 month to 12 years

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The Lymphatic System

• Hodgkins Disease
• cancer of the lymph nodes, painless swelling of
  lymph nodes are early symptoms.
• Rx chemotherapy and radiation

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The Lymphatic System

• Infectious mononucleosis
• Caused by virus
• Frequently in young adults and children
• Spread by oral contact ( i.e. kissing, drinking
  after someone)
• Symptoms enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical
  and mental fatigue, ? Leukocytes
• Rx bedrest, symptomatic treatment

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The Lymphatic System

• Lupus erythematosus
• What is the classic symptom of lupus?
• What other symptoms might present?
• How is lupus managed?
• What is the prognosis?

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The Lymphatic System

• Lymphadenitis
• What is it?
• Lymph aden itis
• LYMPHADENITIS enlargement of the lymph nodes,
  occurs when infection is present and body is
  attempting to fight off the infection
  generalized enlargement

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The Lymphatic System

• Lymphedema
• Lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph
  vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout
  the body and allow immune cells to travel where
  they are needed. Lymphatic obstruction may cause
  lymphedema, which means swelling due to a
  blockage of the lymph passages.

Photo used with written permission by the Mayo
Clinic.
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The Lymphatic System

• Scleroderma
• Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease that
  involves changes in the skin, blood vessels,
  muscles, and internal organs.
• Autoimmune disorder, a condition that occurs when
  the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys
  healthy body tissue.
• Symptoms
• Fingers or toes that turn blue or white in
  response to hot and cold temperatures
• Hair loss
• Skin hardness
• Skin that is abnormally dark or light
• Skin thickening, stiffness, and tightness of
  fingers, hands, and forearm
• Tight and mask-like skin on the face
• Joint pain

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The Lymphatic System

• Tonsillitis
• Inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial or
  viral infection
• Treatment antibiotics if bacterial