Brief Survey of American Literature

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Brief Survey of American Literature
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1. Beginnings to 1700

• Great mixing of peoples from the whole Atlantic
  basin
• Bloody conflicts between Native Americans (or
  American Indians) and European explorers and
  settlers who had both religious and territorial
  aspirations
• - Native American oral literature / oral
  tradition
• - European explorers letters, diaries,
  reports, etc., such as Christopher Columbuss
  letters about his voyage to the New world.
• - Anglo (New England) settlers books,
  sermons, journals, narratives, and poetry

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Native American / American Indian oral literature
/ oral tradition

• creation stories(????)
• trickster tales(??????)
• rituals / ceremonies(??)
• songs / chants(??)

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Anglo Settlers Writings

• Highly religious and pragmatic
• - John Smith, founder of Jamestown, Virginia
  Pocahontas
• - John Winthrop, A Model of Christian
  Charity We shall be as a city upon a hill.
  The eyes of all people are upon us
• - William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation
  (1630-50, pub. 1856)
• - Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672), The Tenth Muse
  (1650), the first volume of poems published by a
  resident of the New World
• - Edward Taylor (1642- 1729), Preparatory
  Meditations (1682-1725, pub. 1939, 1960)
• - Mary Rowlandson (1636-1711), A Narrative of
  the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary
  Rowlandson (1682)

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American Literature 1700-1820From Colonies to
Nation

• Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758), whose passionate
  sermons helped revive religious fervor during the
  Great Awakening(?????, 1730s-1740s)
• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
• Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
• Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
• Olaudah Equiano (1745?-1797)
• Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
• Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784)
• Hannah Webster Foster (1758-1840)

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Enlightenment and establishment of the nation
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Benjamin Franklin

• a second-generation immigrant of English
  descendent
• Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, statesman,
  and diplomat, he was the most famous and
  respected private figure of his time.
• Benjamin Franklin recorded his early life in his
  famous book The Autobiography.

Benjamin Franklin (1706----1790)
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Benjamin Franklin

• He was the first great self-made man in America,
  a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age
• supported the cause of independence,, and aided
  Jefferson in writing the Declaration of
  Independence.
• Practical yet idealistic, hard working and
  enormously successful.
• the Scottish philosopher David Hume called him
  America's "first great man of letters.

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Major Works

• Franklins place in literature owes much to his
• almanac and autobiography
• Poor Richards Almanac (1732)
• (???????)
• Published from 1732 to 1758 under the name of
  Richard Saunders
• Full of proverbs which teach people thrift,
  carefulness, and independence

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Poor Richards Almanac

• lost time is never found again
• a penny saved is a penny earned
• God helps those that help themselves
• Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man
  healthy, wealthy, and wise

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The Autobiography

• First published in Paris in March of 1791
  entitled Memoires De La Vie Privee
• The first English translation, "The Private Life
  of the Late Benjamin Franklin. Originally Written
  By Himself, And Now Translated From The French,"
  was published in London in 1793.
• Faithful Puritan account of the colorful career
  of Americas first self-made man.
• The writing process lasted for 40 years, yet the
  book was still not completed when he died?

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13 virtues followed by Franklin

1. Temperance ??(??)
2. Silence ??
3. Order ??
4. Resolution ??
5. Frugality ??
6. Industry ??

• 7. Sincerity ??
• 8. Justice ??
• 9. Moderation ??
• 10. Cleanliness ??
• 11. Tranquility ??
• 12. Chastity ??
• 13. Humility ??

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Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

• Political Pamphlets during the revolutionary
  period
• - Common Sense (1776) urges immediate
  independence from Britain
• - Crisis (1776-1783) shore up the soldiers
  spirits

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Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

• Third president of US (1801-9)
• Advocated religious freedom
• Major drafter and writer of The Declaration of
  Independence (1776)
• Author of Notes on the State of Virginia (1784)
  ??????? for religious freedom(????),white
  superiority(???????)

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More literature during the revolution
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Olaudah Equiano (1745?-1797)

• Black writer of autobiography The Interesting
  Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or
  Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789)
• - about the cruel slave trade
• - promoting the abolition campaign in England

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Philip Freneau (1752-1832)

• Poet of American Revolution poems of
  patriotism and nationalism
• Poems in praise of nature and the American
  Indians way of life (noble savage), a part of
  American romantic tradition

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Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784)

• First black woman poet who published poems in the
  literary history of the United States

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First American novelists

• Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810), Wieland
  (1798)
• William Hill Brown (1765-1793), The Power of
  Sympathy (1789)
• Hannah Webster Foster (1758-1840), woman novelist
  who wrote The Coquette or, The History of Eliza
  Wharton A Novel Founded on Fact. By a Lady of
  Massachusetts (1797)

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The Romantic period 18201865
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Romanticism

• As an approach in literary creation, romanticism
  is ever present in literature of all times.
• As a literary movement, it occurred and developed
  in Europe and America at the turn of the 19th
  century
• Under the historical background of the Industrial
  Revolution around 1760 and the French
  Revolution(17891799)

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Romantic vs. Neoclassic (1)

• Neoclassicism
• - reason, order, elegant wit
• - rationalism of enlightenment in 18th-cent.
• Romanticism
• - passion, emotion, natural beauty
• - imagination, mysticism, liberalism (freedom
  to express personal feelings)

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Romantic vs. Neoclassic (2)

• Innovation
• - subjects common life the supernatural
  the far away and the long ago
• - style common language really used by men
  poetic symbolism

• Strong traditionalism
• -distrust of radical innovation
• -respect for classical writers
• -upper-class subjects
• -elevated style poetic diction

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Romantic vs. Neoclassic(3)

• Good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
  powerful feelings.
• - unforced and free composition out of the
  inherent organic laws of the poets imagination

• Poetry is an art that needs long studied and
  practiced skills to achieve correctness
• - observe stylistic decorum
• - respect established / artificial rules of
  poetry

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Romantic vs. Neoclassic(4)

• Subject matter nature central human experiences
  and problems
• Feelingful meditation thinking

• Subject matter human beings
• Poetry is an imitation of human life, a mirror
  held up to nature
• Art for humanitys sake for instruction and
  aesthetic pleasure

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Romantic vs. Neoclassic(5)

• Subject matter personal experiences of the poet,
  often the social nonconformists or outcasts

• Subject matter and objects what human beings
  possess in common representative
  characteristics and widely shared experiences,
  thoughts, feelings and tastes.

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Romantic vs. Neoclassic(6)

• Human beings are endowed with limitless
  aspiration toward the infinite good
• Highest art an endeavour beyond finite human
  possibility

• Human beings are limited
• - attack human pride
• - Great Chain of Being
• - submitted to rules or conventions in
  subjects, structure, diction, e.g. heroic couplet

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The American Romanticism

• stretched from the end of the 18th century to the
  outbreak of the Civil War
• was extremely influential, and best represented
  by the New England poets and novelists
• Both imitative and independent
• One of the most important periods in the history
  of American literature, usually called the
  Renaissance of American literature

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Early Romanticism

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
• James Russell Lowell
• John Greenleaf Whittier
• James Fenimore Cooper
• Washington Irving
• William Cullen Bryant

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New England Transcendentalism

• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau
• Margaret Fuller

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High Romanticism

• Walt Whitman
• Emily Dickinson
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
• Herman Melville
• Edgar Allan Poe

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Early romantic writers
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Washington Irving (1783-1859)

• The first American writer internationally
  acclaimed, most famous for his book The Sketch
  Book (1819-1820) including
• - Rip Van Winkle
• - The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

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James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)

• The Leather-stocking series???/??????? (Natty
  Bumppo wearing long deerskin leggings)
• - The Pioneers (1823) ???
• - The Last of the Mohicans (1826)???????
• - The Prairie (1827)???
• - The Pathfinder, (1840)???
• - The Deerslayer (1841)???

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William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)

• The first important American romantic poet of
  international reputation famous for poems like
• - Thanatopsis (1817)?????
• - The Yellow Violet (1814)??????
• - To a Waterfoul (1815)???

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New England Poets

• Conservative and imitative
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)
• - The Song of Hiawatha?????(1855)
• - I Shot an Arrow ??????
• - A Psalm of Life ??? / ????
• Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894)
• James Russell Lowell (1819-1891)
• John Greenleaf Whittier (1807-1892)
• - Snow-Bound (1866) (New England idyllic
  scene)

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New England Transcendentalism
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Transcendentalism

• The term transcendentalism is derived from the
  Latin verb transcendere meaning, to rise above,
  or to pass beyond the limits.
• Transcendentalism has been defined as the
  recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring
  knowledge transcending the reach of the five
  senses, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of
  reaching the divine without the need of an
  intercessor.

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Transcendentalism

• As the leader of this movement, Ralph Waldo
  Emerson interpreted transcendentalism as
  whatever belongs to the class of intuitive
  thought, and as idealism as it appears in
  1842. He believed that the transcendental law
  was the moral law through which man discovered
  the nature of God as a living spirit.

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Three Sources

• It was a system of thought that originated from
  three sources.
• First, American Unitarianism. It represented a
  thoughtful revolt against orthodox Puritanism.
  Unitarianism believed God as one being, rejecting
  the doctrine of trinity, stressing the divinity
  in human nature. It laid the foundation for the
  central doctrines of transcendentalism.

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Three Sources

• Secondly, the idealistic philosophy from France
  and Germany exerted enormous impact on American
  intellectuals.
• Thirdly, oriental mysticism as revealed in Hindu
  and Chinese classics reached America in English
  translations.
• As a result, New England Transcendentalism
  blended native American tradition with foreign
  influences.

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Development

• Ralph Waldo Emerson published Nature in 1836
  which represented a new way of intellectual
  thinking in America.
• The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul.
  Spirit is present everywhere. This new voice led
  American Romanticism to a new and mature period,
  the period of New England Transcendentalism.
• This was the most significant development of
  American literature in the mid-19th century.

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Development

• The Concord club was the first and most famous of
  a series of forums that served during the next
  few decades as social gathering points. It became
  the movement's magnetic center.
• They advocated their views and principles in
  various magazines. Besides, they even published
  their journal, The Dial (1840-1844).

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Major Transcendentalist Figures

• Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
• Nature (1836)
• The American Scholar (1837)
• Divinity School Address (1838)
• Essays First Series (1841)
• Essays Second Series (1844)
• H. D. Thoreau (1817-1862)
• Walden (1854)
• Civil Disobedience (1849)
• Margaret Fuller (1810-1850)
• Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845)
• Editor of The Dial (1840-42)

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High Romanticism
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Whitman and Dickinson Romantic Modern Poets

• 1. Both passionate in expressing emotions
• 2. Unconventional in poetic forms and images
• Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
• - Leaves of Grass (1855, 1856, 1860, 1867,
  1871, 1876, 1881, 1889, 1891-2)
• Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
• - Slant rhymes, capitalizations, dashes
• - uncertainty

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Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)

• The Scarlet Letter (1850)??
• The House of Seven Gables (1851)??????????
• The Blithedale Romance (1852)????
• The Marble Faun (1860)????

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Herman Melville (1819-1891)

• Typee (1846)
• Moby-Dick (1851)
• The Piazza Tales (Beneto Cereno Bartleby the
  Scrivener) (1856)
• The Confidence Man (1857)
• Billy Budd (1924, posthumously published)

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Moby-Dick
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Moby-Dick
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Billy Budd
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Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

• art for arts sake
• Horror story
• Science fiction
• Detective story
• Psychologically thrilling tale
• Poems
• Literary criticism

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The Realism and Naturalism

• 18651914

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REALISM

• Mid-19th-century French movement in literature.
• Emphasized the use of Scientific Method a method
  of observation and hypothesis to suggest
  solutions to problems.
• Today, it generally means the surface details of
  things that appear life-like, or theatre that
  seeks to give the appearance of everyday reality.

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The Local Color Movement (1865-1880)

• The second half of the 19th century saw America
  becoming increasingly self-conscious. Americans
  wanted to know what their country looked like,
  and how the varied races which made up their
  growing population lived and talked.

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Local Color

• A kind of fiction that came to prominence in the
  USA in the late 19th century, and was devoted to
  capturing the unique customs, manners, speech,
  folklore, and other qualities of a particular
  regional community, usually in humorous short
  stories. The most famous of the local colorists
  was Mark Twain others included Bret Hart, Kate
  Chopin, and Sarah Orne Jewett.
• (Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms)

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Mark Twain (1835-1910)

• Innocents Abroad (1869)
• The Gilded Age (1873)
• The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
• The Prince and the Pauper (1882)
• Life on the Mississippi (1883)
• Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)
• A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court
  (1889)
• The Man That Corrupted Hadleydburg (1900)

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Bret Harte (1836-1902)

• Editor, beginning in 1868, of The Overland
  Monthly, San Francisco, in which he published the
  stories The Luck of Roaring Camp and The
  Outcasts of Poker Flat, and the poem Plain
  Language from Truthful James, also known as The
  Heathen Chine.

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Local Color Women Novelists

• Kate Chopin (1851-1904)
• - The Awakening (1899)
• Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909)
• - Deephaven (1877)
• - A Country Doctor (1884)
• - The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896)

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Characteristics of Realistic Writing

• The purpose of writing is to instruct and to
  entertain.
• The subject matter of Realism is drawn from "our
  experience, it treated the common, the average,
  the non-extreme, the representative, the
  probable.
• The style of Realism
• Emphasis is placed upon scenic presentation,
• de-emphasizing authorial comment and evaluation.
• rejects the omniscient point of view.

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Realistic Techniques

1. Plots emphasizing the norm of daily experience
2. Ordinary characters, studied in depth
3. Complete authorial objectivity
4. Responsible morality a world truly reported
5. Settings thoroughly familiar to the writer

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Theorist of American Realism

• William Dean Howells (1837-1920)
• Editor of Atlantic Monthly, writer of
  Criticism and Fiction (1891) in which he
  championed realism, of the novel The Rise of
  Silas Lapham (1885)

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Henry James (1843-1916), master of psychological
realism

• Writer of Daisy Miller (1879), The Portrait of a
  Lady (1881), The Wings of the Dove (1902), The
  Ambassadors (1903), The Golden Bowl (1904)
• International themes Contrasting American and
  European cultures
• The first to use Third-person limited point of
  view????????, center of consciousness

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• What is the difference between Realism and
  Naturalism?

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American Naturalism

• An extension or continuation of Realism with the
  addition of pessimistic determinism.

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American Naturalism

• Includes all the characteristics of Realism, as
  well as the following
• The characters (who are representative of
  humankind) must be seen as biological phenomena
  whose behaviors are strictly determined by
  HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT (influence of Darwin).
• Highly deterministic (fatalistic), life is
  portrayed as brutal and ugly, where characters
  have no sense of free will.

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Subject Matter of Naturalism

• Raw and unpleasant experiences which reduce
  characters to "degrading" behavior in their
  struggle to survive.
• Characters are mostly from the lower middle or
  the lower classespoor, uneducated, and
  unsophisticated.
• Milieu is the commonplace and the unheroic.
• Life is usually the dull round of daily
  existence.

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Subject Matter of Naturalism

• There is discussion of fate and hubris that
  affect a character.
• Generally the controlling force is society and
  the surrounding environment.

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Selected Authors of Naturalism

• Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915)
• Frank Norris (1870-1902)
• Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
• Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
• Jack London (1876-1916)
• Upton Sinclair (1878-1968)

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Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)

• Black educator and writer famous for his Tuskegee
  Institute in Alabama
• Up from Slavery (1901), an autobiography

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Frank Norris (1870-1902)

• The Octopus (1901), dealing with the raising of
  wheat in California and the struggles of the
  ranchers against the railroad

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Stephen Crane (1871-1900)

• Maggie A Girl of the Streets (1893)
• The Red Badge of Courage (1895)

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Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)

• Sister Carrie (1900)
• Jennie Gerhardt (1911)
• The Financier (1912)
• The Titan (1914)
• The Stoic (1947)
• The Genius (1915)
• An American Tragedy ( 1925)

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Jack London (1876-1916)

• The Call of the Wild (1903)
• The Sea-Wolf (1904)
• White Fang (1906)
• Martin Eden (1909), a semi-autobiographical novel

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Upton Sinclair (1878-1968)

• Muckraker writer
• The Jungle (1906)

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The Modern period

• 19141945

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Modernism

• Background
• - commercialization, industrialization (mass
  production) threatens individualism, sense of
  despair
• - wars loss of belief and certainty
• - society is becoming worse
• - the world is incomprehensible
• - there are no solutions to problems more
  questions than answers
• - breakdown of traditional values

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Characteristics of modern literature

• subject matter strong sense of loss, alienation,
  loneliness, rootlessness, fragmentation, anxiety,
  obscurity, absurdity internal consciousness /
  unconsciousness, antihero
• Stylistic innovationsdisruption of traditional
  syntax and form
• Techniques stream-of-consciousness,
  juxtaposition of fragmentation, ambiguity,
  uncertainty

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Modern Poetry

• Chicago poets Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), Hart
  Crane (1899-1932)
• Imagist poets
• T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)
• Robert Frost (1874-1963)
• Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
• The Fugitives / Agrarians

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Imagism (1909-1917)

• U.S. Ezra Pound, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), John
  Gould Fletcher, Amy Lowell, William Carlos
  Williams
• England F.S. Flint, Richard Aldington, D.H.
  Lawrence

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T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)

• The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915)
• The Waste Land (1922) ??
• The Four Quartets (1935-1942)?????
• Murder in the Cathedral (1935)??????

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The Fugitives / Agrarians

• Poets, novelists, critics (the New Criticism)
• - John Crowe Ransom
• - Robert Penn Warren
• - Allen Tate
• - Cleanth Brooks

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Modern Drama

• Social criticism
• - Elmer Rice, The Adding Machine (1923)
• - Clifford Odets (leftist playwright), Waiting
  for Lefty (1935)
• Symbolism Expressionism
• - Eugene ONeill (1888-1953)

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Eugene ONeill (1888-1953)

• Emperor Jones (1920)
• The Hairy Ape (1921)
• Desire Under the Elms (1924)
• The Iceman Cometh (1939)
• Long Days Journey Into Night (1940)

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Modern Fiction

• Women writers
• Fiction about small-town people
• The Lost Generation writers
• Southern writers
• Leftist writers
• Black writers

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Modern Women Novelists

• Gertrude Stein (1874-1946), writers writer
• - Three Lives (1909)
• Edith Wharton (1862-1937)
• Willa Cather (1873-1947)

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Edith Wharton (1862-1937)

• Novel of manners ????
• The House of Mirth (1905)
• The Custom of the Country (1913)
• The Age of Innocence (1920)

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Willa Cather (1873-1947)

• Frontier life on the western prairies
• O, Pioneers! (1913)
• My Antonia (1918)

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Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951)

• Main Street (1920)
• Babbitt (1922)

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Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)

• Winesburg, Ohio (1919), stories of small-town
  people
• The Triumph of the Egg (1921), stories and poems
• Death in the Woods and Other Stories (1933)

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The Lost Generation

• F. Scott Fitzgerald
• Ernest Hemingway
• John Dos Passos

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F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)

• This Side of Paradise (1920)
• Flappers and Philosophers (1920)
• Tales of Jazz Age (1922)
• The Beautiful and Damned (1922)
• The Great Gatsby (1925)
• Tender Is the Night (1934)
• The Last Tycoon (1941)

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Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)

• The Sun Also Rises (1926)
• A Farewell to Arms (1929)
• For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
• The Old Man and the Sea (1952)

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John Dos Passos (1896-1970)

• Three Soldiers (1921)
• Manhattan Transfer (1925)
• U.S.A. trilogy
• - The 42nd Parallel (1930)
• - 1919 (1932)
• - The Big Money (1936)

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Southern Novelist William Faulkner (1897-1962)

• His mythical Yoknapatawpha County
• The Sound and the Fury (1929), the
  stream-of-consciousness device
• As I Lay Dying (1930)
• Absalom, Absalom! (1936)
• Light in August (1932)
• Go Down, Moses (1942)

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Leftist Writer

• John Steinbeck (1902-1968)
• - The Grapes of Wrath (1939)

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Black Writers

• Harlem Renaissance ???????
• Jean Toomer (1894-1967)
• - Cane (1923)
• Richard Wright (1908-1960)
• - Native Son (1940), a protest novel
• Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)
• - Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937)??????
• Langston Hughes (1902-1967), Harlem laureate
  poet

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Contemporary literature

• since 1945

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Contemporary Fiction

• The Beat Generation
• The Black Humor
• The Non-fiction / New Journalism novels
• War Novels
• Southern Writers
• Black Writers
• Jewish American writers
• Native American writers
• Chinese American writers

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The Beat Generation

• - Jack Kerouac (1922-1969)s novel On the Road
  (1957)

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The Black Humor

• Joseph Heller (1923-1999), Catch-22 (1961)
• John Barth (1930- )
• Thomas Pynchon (1937- )
• Kurt Vonnegut (1922- ), Slaughter-House Five
  (1969)

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Non-fiction / New Journalism novels

• Truman Capote (1924-1984), In Cold Blood (1966)
• Tom Wolfe (1930- )
• Norman Mailer (1923-2007), The Armies of the
  Night (1968)
• Joan Didion (1934- )

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War Novels

• Norman Mailer (1923-2007), The Naked and the Dead
  (1948)
• Irwin Shaw (1913-1984), The Young Lions (1948)
• James Jones (1921-1977), From Here to Eternity
  (1951)
• Herman Wouk (1915- ), The Winds of War (1971)

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Southern Writers

• Katherine Ann Porter (1890-1980)
• Flannery OConnor (1925-1964)s novel Wise Blood
  (1952), short story A Good Man Is Hard to Find
• Eudora Welty (1909-2001)
• Robert Penn Warren (1905-1989)s novel All the
  Kings Men (1946) won the Pulitzer Prize for
  fiction. He received Pulitzer Prizes for poetry
  twice. He is only person to have won Pulitzer
  Prizes for both fiction and poetry.

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Black Writers

• Ralph Ellison (1914-1994), Invisible Man (1952)
• James Baldwin (1924-1987), Go Tell It on the
  Mountain (1953)
• Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968), I Have a
  Dream
• Malcolm X (1925-1965), The Autobiography of
  Malcolm X (1964) which was told to Alex Haley,
  writer of Roots (1976)
• Leroy Jones (1934- ), a poet

111
Black Women Writers

• Lorraine Hansberry (1930-1965)s play A Raisin in
  the Sun (1959)
• Alice Walker (1944- ), The Color Purple (1982)
• Toni Morrison (1931- ) who won the Nobel Prize in
  1993, The Bluest Eye (1970), Song of Solomon
  (1977), Beloved (1987)

112
Jewish American Writers

• Norman Mailer
• I.B. Singer (1902-1991), Nobel Prize winner in
  1978
• Saul Bellow (1915-2005), Nobel Prize Winner in
  1976
• Bernard Malamud (1914-1986)
• Philip Roth (1933- )
• J.D. Salinger (1919-2010)
• Henry Roth (1906-1995), Call It Sleep (1934)

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Saul Bellow (1915-2005),

• Dangling Man (1944)
• The Adventures of Augie March (1953)??????
• Seize the Day (1956)
• Henderson the Rain King (1959)
• Herzog (1964)??????
• Mr. Sammlers Planet (1970)??????
• Humboldts Gift (1975) ?????

114
Bernard Malamud (1914-1986)

• Novels
• The Assistant (1957)
• The Fixer (1966) ??????
• The Tenants (1971)
• Short Stories
• The Magic Barrel (1958), short story
  collection,??????

115
Philip Roth (1933- )

• Goodbye, Columbus (1959)??????
• Portnoys Complaint (1969)
• The Ghost Writer (1979)
• The Counterlife (1986)?????????
• Sabbaths Theater (1995)??????
• American Pastoral (1997) ?????

116
J.D. Salinger (1919-2010)

• The Catcher in the Rye (1951) ???????

117
Native American Writers

• N. Scott Momady (1934- ), The House Made of
  Dawn???? (1968)?????
• Leslie Marmon Silko (1948- ), Ceremony?? (1977)
• Louise Erdrich (1954- ), Love Medicine
  (1984)???????????????????5????

118
Chinese American Writers

• Maxine Hong Kingston ???(1940- ), Woman Warrior
  (1976)???????????????, China Man (1980)?????
• Amy Tan???(1952- ), Joy Luck Club (1989)???
• Gish Jen???(1955- ), Typical American (1991)
  ??????

119
Other Novelists

• John Updike (1932-2009)
• prolific writer famous for his rabbit series
  novels and a novella
• ????,????????
• Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita (1955)

120
John Updike (1932-2009)

• Rabbit, Run (1960)
• Rabbit, Redux (1971)
• Rabbit Is Rich (1981)????????????????????
• Rabbit at Rest (1990)?????
• Rabbit Remembered (2001), novella

121
Contemporary Poetry

• Beat Generation poetry
• Confessional poetry
• Other poets

122
Beat Generation poetry

• Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997), Howl (1956)
• Lawrence Ferlinghetti (1919- ), A Coney Island
  of the Mind (1958)???????

123
Confessional Poetry?????

• ???????????,????????????????,?????????????????????
  ??????
• Robert Lowell (1917-1977), Life Studies (1959)
  ??????
• Allen Ginsberg
• Ann Sexton (1928-1974), Live or Die (1966)?????
• Sylvia Plath (1932-1963), Collected Poems
  (1981)?????
• John Berryman (1914-1972), 77 Dream Songs (1964)
  ?????

124
Other Poets

• Marianne Moore (1887-1972)
• Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979)
• Gwendolyn Brooks (1917- )
• Adrienne Rich (1929- )
• Charles Olson (1910-1970)
• John Ashberry (1927- )
• Frank OHara (1926-1966)

125
Contemporary Drama

• Tennessee Williams (1914-1983)
• A Streetcar Named Desire (1948)
• The Glass Menagerie (1944)
• Arthur Miller (1915-2005)
• Death of a Salesman (1949)
• Edward Albee (1928- )
• The Zoo Story (1958)
• Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962)

126
Nobel Prize Winners

• Sinclair Lewis 1930
• Eugene ONeill 1936
• Pearl Buck 1938 ??? The Good Earth??
• T.S. Eliot 1948
• William Faulkner 1950
• Ernest Hemingway 1954
• John Steinbeck 1962
• Saul Bellow 1976
• Isaac Bashevis Singer 1978
• Toni Morrison 1993