Biodiesel

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Biodiesel as a Vehicle Fuel
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Drivers Need

• Introduction to biodiesel
• Why biodiesel as a vehicle fuel
• Properties and characteristics of biodiesel
• Biodiesel fueling station safety practices
• Fire extinguishing equipment
• Emergency procedures
• Safe vehicle fueling procedures

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Module 1
Introduction to Biodiesel
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Module 1Learning Objectives

• What is biodiesel?
• Why biodiesel as a vehicle fuel?
• Biodiesel performance characteristics

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What is Biodiesel?

• General Definition
• Biodiesel (B100) is a domestic, renewable fuel
  for diesel engines derived from natural oils,
  such as soybean oil, that meets the
  specifications of American Society of Testing
  Materials (ASTM) D 6751.
• Additional Information
• Biodiesel (B100) can be blended in
  concentrations of up to 20 with petroleum-based
  diesel fuel and used in existing diesel engines
  with little or no modification. Biodiesel (B100)
  is not raw vegetable oil. Courtesy National
  Biodiesel Board

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Little Known Fact

• Rudolph Diesel designed
• the diesel engine in 1894 torun on peanut oil
• The use of vegetable oils for
• engine fuels may seem
• insignificant today. But such
• oils may become in the
• course of time as important as
• petroleum and the coal tar
• products of the present time.
• 1912
• Courtesy National Biodiesel Board

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Why Biodiesel?
Reduced Emissions
Emission Type B100 B20 B2
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67 -20 -2.2
Carbon Monoxide -48 -12 -1.3
Particulate Matter -47 -12 -1.3
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) 10 2 .2
Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
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Why Biodiesel? - 2

• Biodiesel is non-toxic
• Biodiesel does not contaminate ground water or
  soil
• Most commonly used as B20
• 20 biodiesel 80 diesel blend
• Can be used in lower percentage blends (e.g., B5,
  B10)

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Why Biodiesel? - 3

• Biodiesel (B100) is an EPAct Designated
  Alternative Fuel
• 450 gallons B100 1 vehicle credit
• Must be used in blends of at least 20 biodiesel
  to get credit
• Can be used to meet up to 50 of a fleets EPAct
  requirement
• Can not be banked or traded

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Biodiesel Economics - 1

• Fleet fuel costs typically a penny a point or
  more over diesel
• New fueling station costs same as diesel
• Retrofit existing diesel station at minimal cost

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Biodiesel Economics 2

• No vehicle price premium standard diesel
  vehicles
• Little or no vehicle modification necessary
• Many vehicles produced since 1994 are B20
  compatible
• Most manufacturers endorse B5 blends, higher
  blends use at own risk

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Biodiesel Performance

• Startup, range, cold weather performance similar
  to petroleum diesel
• Fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, haulage
  rates similar to petroleum diesel

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
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Biodiesel Performance - 2

• High Lubricity
• 2 biodiesel improves fuel lubricity by up to 66
• Protects, extends engine
• High Flash Point
• 260ºF vs. 125ºF diesel
• Safest fuel to use, handle, and store

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
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Biodiesel Performance - 3

• Operates in conventional diesel engines and fuel
  injection equipment
• Cold Flow
• For B2-B20 use same precautions as 2 petroleum
  diesel
• No special storage required

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
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Module 2
Properties and Characteristics of Biodiesel
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Module 2Learning Objectives

• Understand biodiesel and how it compares to other
  fuels
• Become familiar with biodiesel characteristics

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Biodiesel Production - 1

• Refined from
• New vegetable oils
• U.S. Soybeans
• Europe Rapeseed (Canola) oil
• Yellow grease
• Recycled cooking oil

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BiodieselProduction - 2

• Chemical process called transesterification
• Result Methyl esters and glycerin

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
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Fuel Quality

• Standard for B100 is as a mixing fuel
• ASTM D6751
• Standard for B20 under development

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Appearance Smell

• Transparent, usually yellow color
• Smell
• Fuel is odorless
• After burning, pleasing aroma, often smells like
  French fries

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Compared to Other Fuels
Biodiesel (Palmitic) C15H31CO2CH3
Gasoline C8H30
Diesel C14H30
Methanol CH3OH
Ethanol CH3CH2OH
Natural Gas CH4
Propane C3H8
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Fuel Value

• Cetane
• Typical B20 50
• 2 diesel 40-45
• 1 diesel 48-52

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Flammability

• Flash point
• B100 (soybean) 425 F
• B20 245 F
• Typical 2 diesel 160 F

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Flammability - 2

• B20 flammability limits (by vol in air)
• Lower flammability limit 0.6
• Upper Flammability limit 7.5
• Diesel flammability limits
• Lower Flammability Limit - 0.3
• Upper Flammability Limit - 10

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Module 3
Biodiesel Fueling Stations
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Module 3Learning Objectives

• Understand similarity to normal diesel fueling
• Become familiar with fueling components

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Fueling Station Components

• Biodiesel fueling equipment is similar to
  conventional diesel fueling equipment

source Deer Valley School District
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Fueling Station Components - 2

• Biodiesel storage

Courtesy of the National Biodiesel Board
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Fueling Station Components - 3

• Dispenser(s)

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Module 4
Emergency Action Plan And Safety Practices
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Module 4Learning Objectives

• Know purpose and content of Emergency Action Plan
• Become knowledgeable about safety practices
• Understand emergency actions

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Purpose of Emergency Action Plan

• Identification of emergencies
• Action items
• Notification procedures
• Evacuation procedures
• Safety systems
• Emergency event action items

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Facility Layout Plan

• May exist for private stations
• Designates important information such as
• Biodiesel storage tank location
• Emergency shutdown device (ESD)
• Fire extinguisher location
• Pre-planned evacuation route
• Designated assembly area
• Street address of facility

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Safety Practices

• Same as diesel fuel
• Emergency telephone numbers
• Fire department
• Emergency medical help
• Police
• Maintenance
• Adjoining facilities
• Safety Signs

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Safety Practices 2

• Equipment condition and inspection
• Before using, inspect
• Dispenser hoses
• Fueling nozzle and vehicle fuel receptacle
• Do not use defective equipment
• Report defective equipment to station maintenance
  technician or attendent

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Safety Practices 3

• Turn off the vehicle during fueling
• Turn off/do not use cell phone in fueling station
• Do not re-enter vehicle during fueling
• Keep ignition sources away from biodiesel
• Do not light matches or smoke cigarettes

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Fire Involving Biodiesel

• Do not attempt to remove nozzle from vehicle
• Evacuate immediate area of fire
• Trigger ESD button
• Contact fire department

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Combustible Debris Fire

• Press ESD button
• Extinguish only if trained and it is safe to do
  so
• Near fueling equipment, extinguishing a fire
  should be attempted only by qualified fire
  fighters

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Module 5
Correct Use of Safety Equipment
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Module 5Learning Objectives

• Understand purpose and function of fueling
  station safety equipment
• Fire extinguisher
• Emergency shutdown device

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Correct Use ofSafety Equipment

• Fire Extinguisher
• Media
• Dry chemical
• Foam
• Carbon dioxide
• Water fog may be used to cool exposed containers
  and equipment

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Correct Use ofSafety Equipment - 3

• Emergency shutdown system
• Same system as a diesel fueling facility
• Emergency shutdown device location

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Module 5
Biodiesel Fueling Procedures
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Biodiesel Fueling

• Receptacle
• Remove receptacle cap
• Dispenser
• Authorize fuel sale
• Remove nozzle
• Nozzle
• Insert nozzle into fuel tank
• Initiate fueling

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Biodiesel Fueling - 2

• Nozzle
• End fueling
• Dispenser
• Replace nozzle on dispenser
• Receptacle
• Replace receptacle cap