Small-Scale Biodiesel Production - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Small-Scale Biodiesel Production

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Small-Scale Biodiesel Production John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist North Dakota State University** – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Small-Scale Biodiesel Production


1
Small-Scale Biodiesel Production
  • John Nowatzki
  • Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist
  • North Dakota State University

2
Acknowledgements
  • Dennis P. Wiesenborn, Professor, Agricultural and
    Biosystems Engineering Department

3
Biodiesel
  • Biodiesel Today
  • What is Biodiesel?
  • Oil Extraction and Preparation
  • Processing
  • Quality Factors
  • Questions/Comments

4
US Biodiesel Production
864 million gallons projected for 2007
5
US Biodiesel Plants
864 million gallons per year.
Organization of producers, blenders marketers
6
US Biodiesel Plants
1.7 billion gallons per year
Organization of producers, blenders marketers
7
Bio-fuel Information
Switchgrass Corn Wood Grain Straw Soybeans Sunflowers Canola
Yield/Acre 5 Tons 115 bu1 10 Tons 2 Tons 32 bu1 (1920 lb/ac) 1360 lb/ac1 1375 lb/ac1
Ethanol 80 gal/ton 400 gal/ac 2.7 gal/bu 310 gal/ac 80 gal/ton2 800 gal/ac 75 gal/ton3 150 gal/ac
Biodiesel 1.48 gal/bu 47.3 gal/ac 6 gal/cwt 82 gal/ac 5.9 gal/cwt 81 gal/ac
Processing Cost/gallon 1.50 - 2.00 (USDA estimate by 2012) 1.10 (Current USDA Estimate) 1.50 - 2.00 (USDA estimate by 2012) 1.50 - 2.00 (USDA estimate by 2012) .50 (Current USDA Estimate) .50 (Current USDA Estimate) .50 (Current USDA Estimate)
1. 10-year average ND yields, ND Agricultural
Statistics Service. 2. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Bioethanol Multi-Year Technical Plan,
Preliminary Draft (Golden, CO,  July 1999). 3.
Iogen Corporation, Ottowa, CA
8
What is Biodiesel?
  • Processed engine fuel made from vegetable oils,
    waste cooking oil
  • and animal fats
  • B100 Pure Biodiesel
  • ASTM D6751 Standard

9
Seed Preparation
  • Remove Extraneous Material
  • Screening
  • Pass Over Magnet

10
Oil Extraction
  • Expeller Pressing or Solvent Extraction
  • Heat Seeds
  • Crush Seeds
  • Oil Extraction
  • Crude Oil
  • Cake
  • 15 Oil

11
Oil Preparation
  • Degumming (May not be Necessary)
  • Remove Phospholipids (gums)
  • Water Wash
  • Remove all Water
  • Water - fatty acids form salts
  • Heat to 120C
  • Acid Degumming
  • Settling

12
Waste Cooking Processing
  • Remove the Solids
  • Remove Gums
  • Determine Level of Free Fatty Acids
  • Too high retards or stop processing
  • May require titration
  • Method of determining the amount of acids present
    in the oil
  • Indicates amount of catalyst to use

13
Processing
  • Chemical Reaction
  • Oil plus Alcohol
  • Yields Esters Glycerin
  • Catalyst - Potassium Hydroxide
  • Proportions (In theory)
  • 10 parts oil - 1 part alcohol
  • 10 parts biodiesel - 1 part glycerin
  • Requires Excess Alcohol (In practice)
  • 10 parts oil 2 parts alcohol

14
Biodiesel Washing
  • Removes remaining
  • Catalyst
  • Methanol
  • Glycerol
  • Soaps
  • Gums
  • Add water to top of oil
  • Water collects at bottom
  • Repeat until clear water
  • Heat for 1 hour at 248 F

15
Quality Factors
  • ASTM standard D6751
  • 18 factors
  • Purity
  • Storage
  • Cold Weather Properties
  • Engines Operation
  • Complete Conversion
  • Catalyst and Glycerin Removed

16
Biodiesel Quality Factors
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
specifications. Biodiesel Standard ASTM D 6751
17
Quality Factors
  • Total Glycerin - Incomplete Reaction
  • Free Glycerin - Incomplete Washing
  • May Separate in Storage
  • Clogs Filters
  • Total Acid number
  • Methanol Carryover
  • Effects on Seals and Hoses

18
Small-Scale Equipment
50 gal in 2 hours -12,675.00 BK-300
BioKing_Netherlands
50 gal in 60 hours - 7,995.00 BioPro_190 SSI
Indiana.
80 gal in 8 hours-6,800.00 Ester Machine B100
Supply_Georgia.
40 gal in 24 hours - 2,495.00 Home
Biodiesel_Bentonville, AR.
19
More Information
John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems
Specialist North Dakota State University Telepho
ne 701-231-8213 Email John.Nowatzki_at_ndsu.edu h
ttp//www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/abeng/energy_efficienc
y/
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