SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN CONCEPT FOR TSUNAMI RISK AREA CASE STUDY : TOWN IN THE SOUTHWEST COAST ACEH REGION

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SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN CONCEPT FOR TSUNAMI
RISK AREA CASE STUDY TOWN IN THE SOUTHWEST
COAST ACEH REGION
BY Nurlisa Ginting and Achmad Delianur Nasution
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Sustainable Development

• Sustainable development is development that
  meets the needs of the present without
  jeopardizing the ability of future generation to
  meet their own needs World Comission on
  Environmental and Development (Brundtland
  Comission, 1987).

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Sustainable Urban Design

• Nine principle for sustainable society
• Respect and care for community of life
• Improve the quality of human life
• Conserve the Earths vitality and diversity
• Minimize depletion on renewable resources
• Keep within the Earths carrying capacity
• Change personal attitudes and practices
• Enable communities to care for their own
  environments
• Provide an international framework for
  integrating development and coservation
• Create global alliance

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Objective of Urban Design

• The purpose of Urban Design (Spreiregen 1985)
• To make the extend of the city comprehensible
• To make the city human
• To relate urban forms to natural settings
• To weave new centers into the urban fabric
• To complement the monumental with the mundane
• To complement the urban with nature
• To create key focal sites
• To make the city a harbor of Diversity

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Tsunami Guiding and Preventing Principles

1. Recognize the risk of tsunami
2. Avoid new development in the affected areas to
   reduce the future victims
3. Arrange new development in the affected areas and
   minimizing the loss of damage in the future.
4. Plan and build the new building in reducing the
   damaged.
5. Protect developed areas from the Tsunami affected
   with the reconstruction, redesign and reoccupied.
6. Special prevention needed in arranging and
   redesign of the infrastructure and public
   facility to reduce the damaged.
7. Evacuation Planned

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Natural Dimension of Urban Design

• McHarg (1989), Lewis, and other eloquent
  exponents of the environment planning movement
  have brought into focus the evolving philosophy
  that ecological processes provide indispensable
  basis for planning and design.
• The dependence of one life process on another
  the interconnected development of living and
  physical process of earth, climate, water,
  plants, and animals the continuous
  transformation and recycling of living and
  non-living materials these are the elements of
  the self-perpetuating biosphere that sustain life
  on earth and which give rise to the physical
  landscape. They become the central determinants
  of form for all human activities on the land.
• The Form Follow Function principle could not
  be the sole basis for environmental design.
  Today, Design with Nature principle is part of
  design practices which is more appropriate to the
  evolvement process of nature.

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Human Dimension of Urban Designin Tsunami Risk
Area

• The concept of modern lifestyle which is
  based on moral code of Islam, is one among
  concepts mentioned by Prof. Ghani Salleh from
  University Sains Malaysia in the Urban Recovery
  After Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster seminar on
  January 29, 2005 which was organized by
  Architecture Program of Postgraduate School of
  University of North Sumatera.

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Physical Dimension of Urban Designin Tsunami
Risk Area

• City Shape
• A number of City Shape Concepts for areas
  which is in jeopardy of tsunami
• -  Redeveloping new town in the area of low
  possibility to be hit by tsunami wave, for
  example in remote areas from sea coast, in
  highland areas , or in wall-surrounded areas.
• Creating natural barrier to tsunami waves that
  physically could be mangrove trees or strong
  plants.
• Applying Compact city shape by an intensive and
  high integrated land use which could also prevent
  natural destruction extensively, at once.

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Physical Dimension of Urban Design in Tsunami
Risk Area

• Urban Element
• Land Use
• At the macro level, land use in sea coast
  area suggested to be the coastal boundary line
  (300-500 m), which is used to be the green area
  and natural drainage area so it could be the
  buffer or protection against tsunami wave.
  According to the field work in the west coast of
  Aceh, the destruction effects of tsunami wave
  generally lessened in the distance of 250 meters
  from the sea coast.
• Vehicles Circulation
• The perpendicular major circulation from
  coastal area towards the hill is designed wide
  open and leads directly to the evacuation point
  to assist community to evacuate when tsunami
  comes.

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Physical Dimension of Urban Design in Tsunami
Risk Area

• Pedestrian Ways
• The shape of compact city creates
  possibilities to plan transportation mode that
  prioritize the pedestrian, hence, the use of
  un-renewable fossil fuels such as gasoline, could
  be reduced as minimum as possible.
• Furthermore, the pedestrian patterns could be
  able to generate socialized lifestyle in urban
  community.
• Building Form and Massing
• The orientation of building would be better
  to face the sea or able to receive quick warning
  of vulnerabilities from the sea. Building
  construction should be focused on earthquake
  resistance structures or temporarily withstand
  during the people try to find more secure place.
• Open Space
• Open spaces, squares and mosque courtyards
  turned to be evacuation areas in emergency
  situation.

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Physical Dimension of Urban Design in Tsunami
Risk Area

• Activity Support
• Fishery and its activity supports are part
  of community livelihood and in principal, the
  location has to be remained in the coastal area
  to support the community to run their daily
  activities.
• Information
• Information, as part of community
  facilities, is set at public places and coastal
  areas.
• Preservation
• The persistent buildings after the tsunami,
  especially public buildings could be reoccupied
  as long as the construction strength remains
  structurally accepted.
• This would be memorial buildings and have
  economic advantage.

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Survey of Towns in the Southwest Coast Aceh Region

• Survey was managed by a voluntary architects team
  from Architecture Department of Postgraduate
  Program of North Sumatera University and
  Indonesian Institute of Architects (IAI) in
  collaboration with Emergency Architect, Perancis.
  
• The survey was conducted on January 20 26,
  2005 covering towns and villages in coastal
  districts along southwest coast of Aceh regions
  between Meulaboh and Blang Pidie towns.

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Survey of Towns in the Southwest Coast Aceh Region

• The Regencies of West Aceh, Nagan Raya and
  Southwest Aceh.
• The Regency towns
• (1)Kuala
• (2)Manggeng
• (3)Tangan-tangan
• (4)Susoh
• (5)Keuda Batee
• (6)Johan Pahlawan
• (7)Merbau
• (8)Samatiga
• (9)Arongan Lambalek
• (10) Darul Makmur

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THE TYPOLOGY OF TOWNS AND SETTLEMENTS OF
SOUTHWEST ACEH REGION BEFORE THE DISASTER

• Ribbon shape city
• It was shaped by the barriers coastal zone on
  one hand, and hilly land on the other.
• The growth of town follows the linier pattern of
  road.
• The orientation of physical formation of town is
  roads.
• The towns are back on to the sea.

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THE ARCHITECTURE TYPOLOGY OF TOWNS IN SOUTHWEST
ACEH REGION

• A neighborhood pathway in each of every two (2)
  housing lots which is more-or-less parallel to
  the coastal line.
• Pathways between settlements which oriented to
  sea and to the road.
• With an interval of three-blocks-of-housing,
  there is an artery road which its position is
  also functioned as the boundary between flat
  ground and hill.

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Site Section of Town / Settlements of Aceh West
Coast

• At the coastal boundary line which is the
  government property (about 150 m coastal line),
  settlements orientation is to the sea in a
  dispersive pattern. the spread.
• There are also a number of Fishermen Activity
  Centres at this boundary line.
• At the back of this boundary line there is a
  linier pattern settlement oriented to the road.

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Neighbourhood pathway in settlement area and the
typology of Architecture
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The Architecture typology of towns in Southwest
Aceh Region
ROAD
Housing orientation is to the pathway not to the
sea. Dominant housing spacious, more-or-less
30m2 Single-floor houses. Materials are mainly
wood and cement plaster.
Settlement
TO THE SEA
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Survey of Towns in the Southwest Coast Aceh Region
By many variations in different locations, the
totally destroyed buildings is in the distance of
250 meters from the coastal line.
The condition of town around Meulaboh Mosque
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Survey of Towns in the Southwest Coast Aceh Region
Buildings in the coastal boundary line are
oriented to the road and backed on to the sea.
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Land Use Design Concept

• Land Use Pattern
• Land use planning for coastal towns regions
  aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami disaster
  is based on the estimation of building location
  and activities safeness to the tsunami hazard, as
  follows
• The seaport and wave-breaker planned to be built
  at the seashore areas which is directly contact
  to the sea.
• The area within the coastal boundary line and the
  edge of the road is planned a greenery area
  consists of vegetations to absorb and resist wave
  energy. This area could also become a public open
  space.
• The artery road is planned in the boundary
  between coastal and hilly zones.
• Settlement is placed in the hilly area with
  earthquake-resistant construction.
• The area between the artery road and settlement
  area in the hilly zone, is planned to be a
  greenery area.
• Mosque is placed in the center of neighbourhood.

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Circulation Design Concept

• Circulations
• The perpendicular major circulation from coastal
  area towards the hill is designed wide open and
  leads directly to the evacuation point in higher
  area to assist community to evacuate when tsunami
  comes.
• Hierarchy and circulation pattern are oriented to
  the major circulation line.
• The Circulation structures follow the natural
  contours form.
• The circulation in the neighbourhood is mainly
  for pedestrian.
• The circulation to the coastal areas as the place
  of livelihood should be good, acceptable and
  clear.

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Building Design Concept

• Building
• Building orientation is better face to the sea or
  enable in quick information acceptance regarding
  to the danger from the coast.
• Wooden house construction is better in earthquake
  resistance or enough to hold up until the people
  save themselves to the save place
• Public facility building construction such as
  mosque should be made by the earthquake
  resistance, therefore its could be used as an
  evacuated areas.

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• Recommendation
• New Town Planning
• A compact and harmonize town shape with contours.
  
• The main road to be the evacuation facilities
  from the sea area towards the hill.
• The new town is close to the former one.
• Open spaces to be the evacuation point on the top
  of the hill.
• Sea orientation.
• The areas inside Coastal Boundary Area become
  Greenery and as center of fishermen activities
  and tourism.
• Settlements on the hilly zone.
• Artery road becomes coastal boundary line.

Open Space and Mosque as a town center
New Town Area
Old Town Area
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Recommendations Land Section
250-300 meters

• Wave breaker men-made or natural mangrove
  forest.
• Road as the physical indication of the coastal
  boundary area.
• Settlements in a higher level of land.
• Changing contours at the minimum level.