The History, Scope and Structure of the United States Criminal Justice System

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The History, Scope and Structure of theUnited
States Criminal Justice System
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory

• Early Foundations
• Kin Policing System
• Code of Hammurabi
• Justinian Code 700 BC
• Watch Ward 1285 AD
• American Colonies
• - Decentralization
• - Puritanism
• - The Watch Boston 1636
• Sir Robert Peel - England 1829

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Criminal Justice in America

• Presented to the
• CJ 694 Comparative Systems
• By
• Dr. Richard H. Ward
• Criminal Justice Center
• Sam Houston State University

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemEntry into System
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory

• United States
• First U.S. PD established in Philadelphia 1833
• First State Police 1835 Texas Rangers

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory

• United States
• First U.S. PD established in Philadelphia 1833
• First State Police 1835 Texas Rangers
• LAPD established 1877

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory

• United States
• First U.S. PD established in Philadelphia 1833
• First State Police 1835 Texas Rangers
• LAPD established 1877
• ISP established 1922
• First Police Academy in San Francisco 1636

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory

• Three Eras in American Policing
• Political Era 1840 to 1920

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory

• Three Eras in American Policing
• Political Era 1840 to 1920
• Professional Era 1920 to 1970

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory

• Three Eras in American Policing
• Political Era 1840 to 1920
• Professional Era 1920 to 1970
• Community Era 1970 -

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory

• American Policing Today
• 18,760 police agencies
• 796,518 sworn officers
• 200,000 civilians
• budgets total 51 billion
• 10 million arrests per year

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCharacteristics of
Law Enforcement Agencies
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• 76 of U.S police agencies employ fewer than 100
  sworn officers
• 23 employ 100 to 1,000 officers
• Only 1 of the nations police departments employ
  over 1,000 officers

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76
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCharacteristics of
Law Enforcement Agencies
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemSpecialized Law
Enforcement Agencies

• Federal
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Drug Enforcement Administration
• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco Firearms
• U.S. Secret Service
• Postal Inspection

• State Local
• Housing Police
• Transit Police
• School District Police
• Port Authority Police
• Fish Wildlife
• Water Reclamation

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U.S. Criminal Justice System Prosecution and
Adjudication
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistorical Roots

• English Common Law
• Adversarial System
• - District Attorney
• - Public Defender
• State Sovereignty
• Adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1789
• imposed federal on
• top of local system

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistorical Roots

• Rights protected by the U.S Constitution
• Right to Due Process
• Right to Counsel
• Right Confront Witnesses
• Right to a Speedy Trial
• Right Against Self-Incrimination
• Right Against Unreasonable Search Seizure

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemStructure of the
Legal System
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCorrections
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of
Corrections

• Colonial Period
• Public Humiliation
• Mutilation Branding
• Imprisonment
• - those awaiting trail
• - debtors
• - vagrants
• County Houses of Correction established
• - Massachusetts Bay 1673
• - Pennsylvania 1682

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of
Corrections
Public Flogging circa 1776
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of
Corrections
County Work House circa 1776
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of
Corrections
Colonial Debtors Prison circa 1
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of
Corrections

• 18th 19th Century
• Theocracy weakened
• Less emphasis on
• public humiliation
• Prisons became
• centerpiece of system
• State Penitentiaries
• established in
• - Pennsylvania 1776
• - Massachusetts 1805

Walnut Street Jail was the first facility used as
a penitentiary circa 1776
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of
Corrections
Newgate Prison circa 1776
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemScope of Corrections
Today

• Costs of Incarceration
• 25,000 per inmate per year
• 69,000 per elderly inmate
• life term 1.5 million
• new cell 100,000

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemScope of Corrections
Today

• Prison population
• 2 million people incarcerated
• 4.8 million on parole or probation
• Over 6.5 million, or 3 of the population under
  supervision of criminal justice system
• 11 million people are booked each year
  (admitted to a locked facility)

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemStructure of
Corrections
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemPrison Population
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemSize Scope

• American adults touched by criminal justice
• system on any given day
• 1 in 142 incarcerated
• 1 in 38 under correctional supervision
• 1 in 28 admitted to jail in course of a year
• Police maintain 50 million criminal records

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemAlternatives to
Incarceration

• Probation
• Intensive Probation
• Day Reporting Centers
• Halfway Houses
• Boot Camps
• Fines Restitution
• Community Service
• Home Detention

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends
Offenses
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends Two
Reporting Structures
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends Number
of Offenses in millions
Total Crime is down 12 from its peak in 1991
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends Number
of Offenses in millions
Assault 8
Burglary 19.4
Motor Vehicle Theft 11
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends Number
of Homicides per Year
Homicides down 27 from peak of 24,700 murders in
1991
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Rate versus
Other Countries
Except for murder, victimization rates in
the U.S. are in line with other developed
countries
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends Number
of Offenses in millions
Juvenile Crime is increasing at an alarming
rate...
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends Number
of Offenses in millions

• Juvenile Crime is increasing at an alarming
  rate...

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemJuvenile Arrests as
of Total, by Crime
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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemScope of System Today

• Costs of Crime
• 50 billion per year in lost revenue
• 5 billion in health care costs
• 65 billion spent on private security

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends

• For the last several years we have seen a
  dramatic decrease in crime throughout the
  Country
• Some Reasons Why
• community policing strategies
• - more cops on the street
• - problem solving approach
• increase in prison population (3 strikes)
• demographic shift (less juveniles)

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCommunity Policing

• An Alternative Policing Strategy...
• Addresses underlying conditions that create crime
• Requires officers to draw on wide range of
  resources
• Pushes decision making down through the ranks
• Emphasizes problem solving approach
• Recognizes expertise of line officers
• Greater public involvement

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCommunity Policing

• Case Study - Joliet, IL
• After Year I...
• Homicide down 25
• Part I crimes down 10
• All other crime down 5
• community involvement
• led directly to major drug
• and gang related arrests

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemPrivatization

• Growing fear of crime and dissatisfaction with
  municipal enforcement prompted upsurge in private
  security
• Consumers and businesses spend 65 billion per
  year on private security
• By the year 2000 there will be 3 private security
  officers for every 1 sworn police officer

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemTechnology

• High-Tech Crime Fighting
• DNA Typing
• AFIS
• Crime Analysis
• Surveillance
• LoJack Systems
• GPS Technology
• Video-equipped Cars
• Electronic Monitoring

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U.S. Criminal Justice SystemInternational
Cooperation