The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Lecture at the University of Helsinki,
• Department of Political Science,
• 10 April 2008
• Dr Hanna Ojanen,
• the Finnish Institute of International Affairs

2
The Bucharest Summit

• carried forward decisions taken at the Riga
  Summit
• reviewed the evolution of NATOs main
  commitments, in particular in Afghanistan and
  Kosovo
• discussed enlargement (Albania and Croatia in
  particular)
• looked at broader issues of Euro-Atlantic
  integration
• discussed how to deepen NATO engagement with its
  Partners, especially in the Western Balkans
• reviewed NATOs capacity to provide forces for
  operations
• examined ways and means of preparing for future
  security challenges

3
Long-standing issues

• Why? Purpose of the alliance during the Cold War
  and after
• Who? enlargement
• What? Article V and non-article V, NRF
• Where? Area and out-of-area

4
Washington Treaty, April 1949

• The original members to sign the Treaty the
  United States, Canada, France, Belgium,
  Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Italy, the
  United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway and Iceland

5
Washington Treaty, article 4

• The Parties will consult together whenever, in
  the opinion of any of them, the territorial
  integrity, political independence or security of
  any of the Parties is threatened.

6
Washington Treaty, article 5

• The Parties agree that an armed attack against
  one or more of them in Europe or North America
  shall be considered an attack against them all,
  and consequently they agree that, if such an
  armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of
  the right of individual or collective
  self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the
  Charter of the United Nations, will assist the
  Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith,
  individually, and in concert with the other
  Parties, such action as it deems necessary,
  including the use of armed force, to restore and
  maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.

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(article 5 continued)

• Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a
  result thereof shall immediately be reported to
  the Security Council. Such measures shall be
  terminated when the Security Council has taken
  the measures necessary to restore and maintain
  international peace and security.

8
Enlargement

• New members joining during the Cold War
• 1951 Greece and Turkey
• 1955 Federal Republic of Germany
• 1982 Spain
• First wave of Eastern enlargement
• 1999 Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic
• Second wave
• 2004 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia,
  Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania
• Third wave
• 2009 Albania, Croatia
• Next Macedonia, Georgia, Ukraine?

9
Partnership structures

• NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council, 1991
• PfP Partnership for Peace, 1994
• PARP Planning and Review Process
• EAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, 1997,
  replaces NACC

10
Current operations

• Afghanistan (ISAF)
• Bosnia-Herzegovina (Headquarters in Sarajevo)
• Darfur (assistance to the AU)
• former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
  (Headquarters in Skopje)
• Iraq (training and support)
• Kosovo (KFOR, 16 000 troops)
• The Mediterranean (Active Endeavour)

11
NRF, tasks

• stand-alone force for Article 5 or non-Article 5
  crisis response operations evacuation, support
  disaster consequence management (including
  chemical biological, radiological and nuclear
  events), humanitarian crisis situations and
  counter terrorism operations
• initial entry force facilitating the arrival of
  larger follow-up forces
• demonstrative force to show NATOs determination
  and solidarity to deter crises (quick response
  operations to support diplomacy as required)

12
NRF, operations thus far

• helped protect the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens
• support the Afghan presidential elections in
  September 2004
• disaster relief in September and October 2005 to
  assist the USA country after Hurricane Katrina.
• disaster relief in Pakistan (earthquake), from
  October 2005 to February 2006 (air bridge to
  deliver supplies, engineers and medical personnel)

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Read more FIIA Report

• From Protecting Some to Securing Many -
  NATO's Journey from a Military Alliance to a
  Security Managern. 17 (2007)Charly
  Salonius-Pasternak (ed.)
• www.upi-fiia.fi