History

1
(No Transcript)
2
History
3
Asklepios Temple of Epidaurus
A seeker of healing would make pilgrimage to the
Temple of Epidaurus, a Greek asclepieion temple A
priest would welcome and bless them and promote
dreams in the seeker which promoted healing and
the solutions to problems aided by the oracles.
This temple is traditionally regarded as the
birthplace of Asclepios. Zeus, fearing that
Asklepios might make men immortal, killed him
with a thunderbolt. Asklepios was generally
depicted as a bearded man wearing a robe that
leaves his breast uncovered.
4
Asklepian dream healing temples were located on
or near springs and in an otherwise very dry
area we have several springs.. In some version of
the myth, Asklepios' wife was named Hygieia and
was said to heal with her hands.
5
(No Transcript)
6
Mesmer
(1734-1815)
7
The more recent history of hypnosis begins with
Franz Anton Mesmer who theorized that disease was
caused by imbalances of a physical force, called
animal magnetism. Mesmer also believed that
cures could be achieved by redistributing this
magnetic fluid -- a procedure that typically
resulted in pseudoepileptic seizures known as
"crises".
8
Marquis de Puysegur
Mesmer's was discredited in 1794 by a French
council directed by Ben Franklin. His practices
lived on when the Marquis de Puysegur
magnetised a young shepherd. The shepard fell
into a somnambulistic (sleeplike) state in which
he was responsive to instructions, and from which
he awoke with an amnesia for what he had done.
9
Later in the 19th century, John Elliotson and
James Esdaile reported the successful use of
mesmeric somnambulism as an anesthetic for
surgery. Ether and chloroform soon proved to be
more reliably effective.
10
James Braid
James Braid, a British physician, speculated that
somnambulism was caused by the paralysis of nerve
centers induced by fixation of the eyes on an
object. Braid renamed the state "neurhypnotism"
(nervous sleep) a term later shortened to
hypnosis. Later, he concluded that hypnosis was
due to the subject's concentration on a single
thought (monoideism) rather than physiological
fatigue.
11
Milton Erickson
12
MILTON H. ERICKSON, M.D
He is generally acknowledged to be the world's
leading practitioner of medical hypnosis. His
writings on hypnosis are the authoritative word
on techniques of inducing trance, experimental
work exploring the possibilities and limits of
the hypnotic experience, and investigations of
the nature of the relationship between hypnotist
and subject.
13
(No Transcript)
14
Ancient History
15
Asklepios
16
http//www.ntimages.com/Pergamum-asclepion-site-pl
an.htm
17
Asklepian dream healing temples were located on
or near springs and in an otherwise very dry
area we have several springs. One of the houses
at Aesculapia is built directly over a spring. In
some version of the myth, Asklepios' wife was
named Hygieia and was said to heal with her
hands. In the temples, the couches that the
people dreamed on were called klines. (Recline)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
Mesmer
(1734-1815)
24
The more recent history of hypnosis begins with
Franz Anton Mesmer who theorized that disease was
caused by imbalances of a physical force, called
animal magnetism, which affects various parts of
the body. Mesmer also believed that cures could
be achieved by redistributing this magnetic fluid
-- a procedure that typically resulted in
pseudoepileptic seizures known as "crises". In
1784, a French royal commission chaired by
Benjamin Franklin and including Lavoisier and
Guillotin among its members concluded that the
effects of mesmerism, while genuine in many
cases, were achieved by means of imagination and
not by any physical force. In the course of their
proceedings, the commissioners conducted what may
well be the first controlled psychological
experiments.
25
Mesmer's theory was discredited, but his
practices lived on. A major transition occurred
when one of Mesmer's followers, the Marquis de
Puysegur, magnetised Victor Race, a young
shepherd on his estate. Instead of undergoing a
magnetic crisis, Victor fell into a
somnambulistic (sleeplike) state in which he was
responsive to instructions, and from which he
awoke with an amnesia for what he had done. Later
in the 19th century, John Elliotson and James
Esdaile, among others, reported the successful
use of mesmeric somnambulism as an anesthetic for
surgery (although ether and chloroform soon
proved to be more reliably effective).
26
James Braid
James Braid, a British physician, speculated that
somnambulism was caused by the paralysis of nerve
centers induced by fixation of the eyes on an
object. In order to eliminate the taint of
mesmerism, Braid renamed the state
"neurhypnotism" (nervous sleep) a term later
shortened to hypnosis. Later, he concluded that
hypnosis was due to the subject's concentration
on a single thought (monoideism) rather than
physiological fatigue.
27
Joseph Jastrow
1890s
Joseph Jastrow, was a prominent psychologist of
his day. His doctoral dissertation on
psychophysics was widely cited, and still is
cited and described in present day. In the
1890's, Jastrow introduced hypnosis research at
Wisconsin and for years thereafter taught a
medical hypnosis course in the University's
medical school. He eventually turned that course
over to Clark Hull. The institutional context and
intellectual atmosphere was thus prepared for
Hull's unusually precise and quantitative studies
of hypnosis (Hull, 1933) which reflected all the
rigor soon to be displayed in Hull's elaborate
learning theory after his move to Yale. It was
Jastrow who was the immediate source of Hull's
interest in hypnosis.
28
Clark L. Hull (1884 - 1952)
His career began as a mining engineer, but the
effects of polio left him unable to follow this
profession. In Hull's case, he brought with him a
mechanist tradition that he applied to learning
and thinking. Construction of ingenious machines
(for example, to check correlations amongst
tests) eventually gave way to more theory based
stimulus-response models. The "connectionism"
proposed by Hull formed the theoretical basis
upon which information processing models were
constructed by cognitive psychologists. At
Wisconsin during Hull's time was Milton Erickson,
a physician whose provocative clinical and
experimental studies stimulated interest in
hypnosis among psychotherapists.
29
Milton Erickson
30
MILTON H. ERICKSON, M.D
He is generally acknowledged to be the world's
leading practitioner of medical hypnosis. His
writings on hypnosis are the authoritative word
on techniques of inducing trance, experimental
work exploring the possibilities and limits of
the hypnotic experience, and investigations of
the nature of the relationship between hypnotist
and subject.
31
Dr. Erickson is one of the few people who
traveled east in a covered wagon when his family
settled on a farm in Wisconsin. Dr. Erickson
likes to describe therapy as a way of helping
patients extend their limits and he has spent his
own life doing that. In 1919 when he was stricken
with polio he was informed that he would never
again be able to walk. After spending many hours
concentrating on achieving a flicker of movement
in the muscles of his legs, he was up on crutches
within a year. He even managed to obtain and hold
a sitting-down job in a cannery to help finance
his way into the University of Wisconsin. After
his first year at the university, he was advised
by his physician to spend his summer vacation
getting a great deal of exercise in the sunshine
without using his legs. Deciding that a canoe
trip would provide the appropriate exercise,
Erickson set out in June in a 17-foot canoe,
wearing a bathing suit, a pair of overalls, and a
knotted handkerchief on his head for a hat. He
did not have the strength in his legs to pull his
canoe out of the water and he could swim only a
few feet. from the effects of polio.
32
His supplies for his summer's voyage consisted of
a small sack of beans, another of rice, and a few
cooking utensils. His wealth for the purchase of
more supplies consisted of 2.32. With these
provisions, he spent from June until September
traveling through the lakes of Madison, down the
Yahara river, down the Rock river, into the
Mississippi and on down to a few miles above St.
Louis, then back up the Illinois river, through
the Hennepin Canal to the Rock river and so to
Madison. He foraged for his food along the way by
eating what fish he could catch, finding edible
plants on the river banks when he camped at
night, and harvesting crops from the Mississippi.
These crops consisted of the bushels of peelings
the cooks on the river steamers threw overboard.
Among them, there were always a few whole
potatoes or apples thrown out by mistake. By the
end of the summer, he had traveled a distance of
1,200 miles with almost no supplies or money,
without sufficient strength in his legs to carry
his canoe over the dams which blocked his way,
and so physically weak when he began that he
could hardly paddle a few miles downstream
without getting overtired.
33
His interest in hypnosis came about when he was
an undergraduate student in psychology at the
University of Wisconsin and observed a
demonstration of hypnosis by Clark L. Hull.
Impressed by what he had seen, Erickson invited
Hull's subject up to his room and hypnotized him
himself. From that time on he taught himself to
be a hypnotist by using as subjects anyone who
would hold still for him, including his fellow
students, friends, and his family when he
returned to his father's farm for summer
vacation. In the Fall of the next year he took
part in a seminar in hypnosis from Hull which was
largely devoted to examining Erickson's
experiences hypnotizing people during the summer
and his experimental work in the laboratory. By
his third year of college, Erickson had
hypnotized several hundred people, he had carried
on quite a number of experiments, and he had
demonstrated hypnosis for the faculty of the
medical school and the psychology department as
well as the staff of Mendota State Hospital.
34
(No Transcript)
35
The Milton H. Erickson Foundation, Inc. is
dedicated to promoting and advancing the
contributions made to the health sciences by the
late Milton H. Erickson, M.D. through training
mental health professionals and health
professions world wide.
36
After World War II, interest in hypnosis rose
rapidly. Ernest Hilgard, together with Josephine
Hilgard and Andre Weitzenhoffer, founded a
laboratory for hypnosis research at Stanford
University. Hilgard's status as one of the
world's most distinguished psychologists helped
establish hypnosis as a legitimate subject of
scientific inquiry.