Exploration and Exploitation

1
Explorationand Exploitation
2
Trailblazers
3
The Silk Road

• In the second century BC, caravans began
  traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast
  Asia with the West.
• Silk carried along this route made its way to
  Rome
• In both directions, various political, social,
  religious, and artistic ideas flowed.
• Ghengis Khan and his descendants gained control
  of the region by the 13th century

4
The Silk Road
5
In 1271 three Venetian merchants left in search
of the wealth of the East 17 year-old Marco Polo
and his father and his uncle were gone for 24
years
6
They found great civilizations in the East -- far
more advanced than those in Europe.Marco Polo
described these cultures in his Book of Marvels
7
This China was a country that had been conquered
by the hordes of Mongol nomads, swept out of the
northern steppes, led by Genghis Khan
8
Mongol Empire
9
The Yuan Dynasty1279-1369

• Established by Kublai Khan
• Series of 11 emperors
• Never fully integrated into Chinese society
• Ruled from capital city of Dadu (Beijing) --
  built Forbidden City

10
Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis, employed Marco
Polo for 17 years on business throughout China
11
Chinese Attitude toward Mongols

• The Chinese considered both their Mongol Rulers
  and foreigners barbarians
• The Chinese could boast of a civilization that
  had been developed and refined for over 2,700
  years
• Convinced of their own superiority, the Chinese
  were content to ignore anything foreign
• Although the Mongol rulers controlled the top
  levels of government, they were too few to
  influence Chinese culture
• The Chinese, believing in the process of change,
  knew the Mongols would eventually be replaced.
• By Polos time, the basic principles of Chinese
  society were set, and not until modern times
  would China see any need to change.

12
End of the Yuan

• Preoccupied with governing, Mongols grew lax in
  military training
• They never gained popular support
• Both nobility and peasantry were impoverished
• Series of popular uprisings led to overthrow of
  Yuan Dynasty

13
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
14
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

• Founded by Chu Yuan-chang, a peasant who had
  been a Buddhist monk, a bandit leader and a rebel
  general Emperor Hong Wu
• Last native imperial dynasty in Chinese history
• Re-adopted civil-service examination system
• One of Chinas most prosperous periods
  agricultural revolution, reforestation,
  manufacturing and urbanization

CHU YUAN-CHANG (1328-1398). Ming Emperor.
Chinese silk scroll painting
15
Age of Exploration

• The Ming Dynasty, under the naval leadership of
  Zheng He, was noted for its sea explorations and
  extensive trade from Africa to Southeast Asia
  greatest naval power in world in 15th c.
• However, scholars convinced the Emperor in 1435
  that taste for exotic wares would cause decline
  of dynasty, so trade and maritime expansion was
  greatly contracted

Zheng He
16
Zheng-Hes Expeditions

• Zheng He sailed from China to many places
  throughout South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Taiwan,
  Persian Gulf and distant Africa in seven epic
  voyages from 1405 to 1433, some 80 years before
  Columbus's voyages.

17
Zheng-He and Columbus
Zheng Hes Treasure Ship
Compared to ColumbussSanta Maria
18
Decline of Ming Empire

• Incompetence of later Ming Emperors absolute
  authority abolition of office of Prime Minister
• Rebellions in 17th c. caused by increasingly
  burdensome taxes
• Threat from the Manchus in the North

19
The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911
20
Chinese Influence

• Most of Eastern Asia acknowledged the superiority
  of Chinese culture from which it borrowed for
  centuries
• The Japanese, Koreans, and Southeastern Asians
  had adopted elements of Chinese culture as models
  for their own societies
• The Japanese borrowed the Chinese system of
  government, Chinese characters for writing, and
  Chinese conventions for art, architecture and
  literature

21
Japan

• The Japanese quickly assimilated Chinese
  borrowings and built their own unique island
  culture
• Marco Polo never visited Japan because the
  Mongols under Kublai Khan failed in their attempt
  to invade Xipangu Japan
• The Portuguese, in their early voyages of
  discovery, were the first Europeans to encounter
  Japanese culture 200 years later

22
Ibn Battuta1304-c.1368 or 1377

• Born in Morocco, Ibn Battuta went on hajj in 1325
  and continued traveling, eventually covering
  about 75,000 miles over the length and breadth of
  the Muslim world, and beyond (about 44 modern
  countries).
• His journeys and observations are recorded in A
  Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of
  Cities and the Marvels of Travelling but is often
  simply referred to as the Rihla or Journey

23
Map of Ibn Battutas Travels
24
(No Transcript)
25
The pattern of East-West relations-- from the
first discovery of a sea route from Europe to
Asia-- was largely one of Western action and
Eastern reaction
26
The West went to the East, but the East saw no
need to come to the West
27

• Vasco da Gamas discovery of a sea route to India
  in 1498 opened important commercial traffic, led
  to the expansion and consolidation of the
  Portuguese Empire, and the spread of European
  culture and Christianity in the Orient.
• The Portuguese were quickly followed by the
  Spanish and Dutch, and later the French and
  British sent their ships into Eastern oceans
• The British, with their superior naval strength,
  finally became the dominant colonial power in
  southern Asia

28
Japan

• Throughout the 14th-19th centuries, Japan
  isolated itself from foreign trade and contacts
  under the rule of the Shoguns
• In 1542 the first Portuguese traders and Jesuit
  missionaries arrived in Japan. They brought
  firearms and Christianity with them. The Jesuit
  Francis Xavier undertook a mission to Kyoto in
  1549-50.
• Despite Buddhist opposition, many warlords
  welcomed Christianity because they wanted to
  trade with Western nations for armaments
• Imposing order after a series of civil wars,
  Hideyoshi, in 1587, issued an edict expelling
  Christian missionaries.
• In 1597 Hideyoshi intensified the persecution of
  Christian missionaries, forbade further
  conversions, and executed 26 Franciscans as a
  warning.
• In 1633, Iemitsu forbade travelling abroad and
  almost completely isolated Japan in 1639 by
  reducing the contacts to the outside world to
  very limited trade relations with China and the
  Netherlands.

29
European Conquest of the Americas
30
(No Transcript)
31

• In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue.
• The Age of Exploration presented enormous
  challenges and dilemmas to the world view of
  European civilization.
• Even Columbus wavered between this fervent hope
  that he had discovered the Garden of Eden and his
  desire to exploit the riches and peoples of the
  New World.

32
Inception of the Scientific Method

• Hypothesis It is possible to reach the Orient by
  sailing West
• Experimentation Voyages of Discovery
• Analysis There are two large land masses
  blocking access to the East
• Conclusion Two new continents North and South
  America

33
Hispanic Exploration and Conquest1492 -- 1542

• In one generation Hispanics explored and
  colonized over half the earth waters
• During the period of exploration, in one
  generation, approximately 300,000 Spaniards had
  emigrated to the New World
• They established over 200 cities and towns
  throughout the Americas.
• In one generation Hispanics acquired more new
  territory than Rome conquered in five centuries .

34
Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests

• 1492- 1504 Columbuss 4 voyages to New World
• 1500 Pedro Cabral discovered Brazil
• 1501-02 Amerigo Vespucci (Italian) after
  accompanying Spanish conquistadors decided that
  what they had discovered was not Asia, but new
  continents
• 1508-21 Juan Ponce de Leon explored Cuba,
  Jamaican and Florida Cuban conquest 1508
• 1513 Vasco de Nuñez de Balboa crossed the
  Isthmus of Panama and named the Pacific ocean

Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and
conquests
35
Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests

• 1519- 22 Ferdinand Magellan's crew ship,
  completed voyage of circumnavigation.
• 1519-21 Hernando Cortezs conquest of the Aztecs
  in Mexico
• 1531 Pizarros conquest of the Incas in Peru
• 1540 Vasquéz de Coronado explores California,
  Kansas, Arizona, New México, Texas, Oklahoma.

Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and
conquests
36
The Conquest of Mexico during the year Ce Acatl
( One Reed)1519
37
Hernán Cortés

• April 21, 1519 (Good Friday), Cortés landed on
  an island off eastern Gulf Coast with 11
  galleons, 550 soldiers and sailors, and 16 horses
• Staked claim for God and King and founded a
  settlement Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz
• Sailed to Cozumel and rescued de Aguilar from
  the Mayas valuable Mayan interpreter
• Took Malintzin/Marina as Nahuatl interpreter and
  mistress
• Burnt the remainder of his fleet and proceeded
  on to Tenochtitlán, making allies of tribes
  hostile to the Aztecs.

38
La Malinchec. 1505- c.1529

• Malinalli (Malintzin) was born to a noble family,
  but sold to a Tabascan chief by her mother to
  ensure her half-brothers inheritance
• Brought from her native Nahuatl-speaking home of
  Veracruz to the Yucatan, she learned the Maya
  language

• Given to the Spaniards by the Maya, she was
  baptized as Marina in 1519.
• She began to work for the Spanish as an
  interpreter between the Nahuatl and Maya and
  quickly learned Spanish.

39
La Malinche

• She became Cortéss interpreter, confidante and
  mistress, called "la lengua de Cortés" (Cortés's
  tongue, or interpreter)
• Bore him a son, Martín, the first mestizo of
  historical note
• After God we owe this conquest of New Spain to
  Doña Marina. Cortés

José Clemente Orozco Cortés and Malinche
40
Moctezuma

• Emperor of the Aztecs, Moctezuma was aware of
  Cortéss approach
• He sent Cortés a cordial message and gifts but
  warned against approaching Tenochtitlan
• The gold and finery whetted the Spaniards greed
• Although Moctezuma commanded a huge army, he
  feared to greet Cortés with a hostile force
  because of ancient legend

17th C. portrait, artist unknown
41
The Prophecy of Quetzalcoatls Return

• Ancient legend prophesied that Quetzalcoatl, the
  Plumed Serpent, the bearded, fair-skinned Toltec
  ruler-god would return in the year Ce Acatl to
  reclaim his kingdom.

http//www.cedarcreekclay.com/
42
Omens of Return

• Lake Texcoco flooded Tenochtitlan
• The temple of Huitzlopochtli caught fire
• The voice of woman wailing in the night
  disturbed the city
• Immense comets shot through the sky
• A column of fire appeared every night fora year

43
Tenochtitlán
A great white city, lightly moored to the shores
by three long causeways, floating on a shimmering
lake.
44
Tenochtitlán

• The last city the Spanish had seen was Seville,
  the largest in Spain, population 60,000.
• London, Europes largest city, had a population
  of 100,000.
• Tenochtitlán was almost four times as large as
  Seville, with thousands more people clustered in
  the "suburbs" fringing the mainland.
• Tenochtitlán, unlike the cramped muddle of
  houses, streets, and byways that made up medieval
  Spanish towns, had been planned.

45
Tenochtitlán

• Priests were everywhere. Like Spanish priests,
  they wore long dark robes. But the robes were
  stained with human blood, and their long hair was
  clotted with it, and while some of the blood was
  their own, most came from the human victims they
  slew daily.
• An essential part of the rituals conducted in the
  shrines crowning the shining pyramids was human
  sacrifice.

46
The Beginning of the End

• On November 8, 1519, Cortez crossed the causeway
  over Lake Texcoco to enter Tenochtitlán.
• Moctezuma personally went out to meet Cortés and
  his men.
• Doña Marina interpreted what Moctezuma said for
  Cortés "Lord, you are weary. The journey has
  tired you, but now you have arrived on earth. You
  have come to your city of México."
• Cortés responded through Marina "Tell Moctezuma
  that we are his friends and that there is nothing
  to fear. We have waited long to meet with him."
  (Florentine Codex)
• Within a week Cortés seized the emperor, put him
  in chains and held him hostage.

47
Death of Moctezuma

• Cortés had to leave Tenochtitlan to deal with a
  Spanish rival
• In his absence, the Spanish attacked the citizens
  during a religious festival
• The Aztecs rebelled
• Cortes tried to use Moctezuma to appeal for
  peace, but the people hurled stones and arrows at
  him
• The Spaniards threw the body of Moctezuma into a
  canal

48
La Noche Triste

• Cuitláhuac, Moctezumas successor, besieiged the
  Spaniards
• June 30, 1520, the Spaniards tried to escape but
  were attacked by the Aztecs hundreds died
• Cuitláhuac died of smallpox, succeeded by
  Cuauhtemoc
• Cortés regrouped with Tlaxcalan allies

49
CuauhtemocLast Aztec Emperor

• January, 1521, Cortés reentered valley of Mexico
  and demanded surrender
• Cuauhtemoc refused
• Cortés attacked with a newly built fleet and
  besieged Tenochtitlan
• After a valiant resistance and an 80 day seige,
  the Aztecs, overcome by smallpox and famine,
  surrendered
• The Spaniards lay the Aztec Empire to waste,
  burned Tenochtilan, and levelled the temples.

50
European Colonies in the Americas