Exploration and Colonization (1400s

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Exploration and Colonization(1400s 1700s)
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Europe, Africa, and Asia in the
Early 1400s
The Old World
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Trade

• Trade
• -Europeans wanted goods such
• as spices, silk, and tea from
• the Indies (Southeast Asia)
• The Silk Road
• -Ran from Europe to the Indies
• -Was kept safe by strong
• Chinese rulers

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The Silk Road
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Changes in Trade Routes

• New rulers took over Silk Road
• It became unsafe to travel
• Increased taxes made trade very expensive
• Rise of Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman rulers became middle-men in trade
  between Europeans and Asians
• Asian goods became too expensive for most
  Europeans to buy

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• Europeans
• Explore
• The World

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Why did Europeans want to explore?

• To find new trade routes to the Indies
• Wanted to go around the middle men and trade
  directly with merchants in the Indies to get rich
• For glory and adventure
• To spread their culture
• Christian religion and European values

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Obstacles to Exploration

• Lack of knowledge and technology
• Ocean currents and wind patterns
• Sometimes carried ships off course
• Sailors had to ride with the currents and winds
• Limited ability to explore far away places

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Europeans began exploringin the late 1400s

• Sharing of ideas
• Map-makers, shipbuilders, navigators, and
  inventors shared information that made
  exploration possible
• Europeans gained access to maps and sailing
  information from the Chinese, Greeks, and Arabs
• Development of new technology
• By the late 1400s, Europeans had the technology
  needed to begin exploring faraway places

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Exploration Technology
Invention Description




Compass

• A device which helped sailors find direction by
  using a magnetized needle which always pointed
  north

• A device which helped sailors use the position of
  the stars to figure out their location (latitude)

Astrolabe
Caravel

• A fast, lightweight ship which used triangular
  (lateen) sails and a rudder for easier navigation
  at sea and in shallow waters

• A mixture of chemicals that explodes
• when lit
• Used in guns and cannons for
• -protection from other Europeans
• -to dominate trade
• -to fight against natives
• -to hunt for food

Gunpowder
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Voyages of Exploration
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Search for New Trade Routes

• Portugal and Spain were the first European
  nations to search for new water routes to the
  Indies
• Portugal sent explorers East around Africa
• Spain sent explorers West across the Atlantic
• England (Great Britain), France, and Netherlands,
  all began exploring soon afterwards

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• European
• Colonialism
• (1500s-1700s)

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• colonialism a system in which powerful nations
  rule over the land and people of weaker nations
• -colony a land and its people that are
• controlled by a more powerful nation
• -colonial power a nation which has taken
• control of the government and economy of
• a weaker nation or territory
• (a.k.a. mother country)

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Area of Colonization (by late 1700s) Major Colonies and Colonial Powers
The Americas British Canada, 13 Colonies Great Britain New Netherlands (NY) The Netherlands New France, Louisiana, Haiti - France New Spain, Florida, West Indies, Peru Spain Brazil Portugal
Asia
Africa Trading posts along coast Portugal (other Europeans came later) South Africa Netherlands (eventually forced out by Great Britain)
Oceania (Australia and the Pacific)

• India Great Britain (forced other Europeans
  out)
• Dutch East Indies (Spice Islands) Netherlands
• The Philippines Spain

• Australia, New Zealand Great Britain

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Types of Colonies

• trading post empire a collection of colonies
  used to trade items, typically along an
  established trade route
• settler colony type of colony where people move
  from their mother countries to create permanent
  settlements or towns
• plantation colony a type of colony in
• which large areas of land are farmed by
• enslaved people to grow cash crops

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• Europeans in
• the Americas

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European Explorers and Conquerors

• Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas
  while looking for a western route to the Indies
• Other explorers from Spain, Portugal, England,
  France, and the Netherlands continued to explore
  the New World
• European nations later began conquering and
  colonizing the Americas

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• Spanish colonies
• South American Colonies
• Plantation farming
• Mining
• West Indies
• Plantation farming
• New Spain and Florida
• Settler and Plantation Colonies
• Mining

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• French colonies
• New France
• Trading Post Empire
• Fur Trapping and Fishing
• Louisiana
• Trading Post Empire and Plantation colony
• Haiti
• Plantation Colony

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• English colonies
• 13 Colonies
• Southern Colonies
• Plantation Colonies
• Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo
• (and Later, Cotton)
• Northern Colonies
• Settler Colonies
• Fishing and Timber
• British Canada
• Trading Post Empire
• Fur Trapping and Fishing

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Europeans and Native Americans

• Europeans spread diseases which killed many
  Native Americans
• European missionaries came to spread Christianity
  to natives
• Treatment of Native Americans
• Spanish
• Enslaved natives and forced them to work on
  plantations and in mines
• French
• Lived among natives
• Learned native languages
• Hunted, fished, and traded with natives
• English
• Lived peacefully alongside natives at first
• As more English settlers arrived, natives were
  forced off land

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The French and Indian War

• England defeated France
• France gave up territory to England and Spain

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European Colonies in the Americas
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• Europeans
• in Asia

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• Europeans Explore Asia
• Portugal finds first all water route to Asia in
  late 1400s
• Portugal, Spain, France, England, and Netherlands
  compete for control of trade
• Trade Routes
• Europeans set up trading posts
• India and China
• Silks, tea, porcelain
• Southeast Asia
• Spices (cloves, cinnamon, pepper)

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• Spread of Religions
• Hinduism and Buddhism
• Spread throughout Asia by 1400s
• Islam
• Spread by Muslim merchants and militaries
• Christianity
• Spread by European merchants and missionaries
  throughout Asia
• Caused conflict with Chinese and Japanese rulers
  who believed it was a threat to their culture
• Led China and Japan to isolationism, a policy of
  turning inward and cutting off contact with the
  outside world

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• Europeans
• in Africa

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Exploring Africas Coasts

• Early trade relationships
• By the 1500s, Europeans had been trading with
  Africans for gold, salt, and ivory for centuries.
• Portugal searches for all water route to the
  Indies
• Set up first trading post colonies along coasts
  of Africa
• Other Europeans came later
• Were initially uninterested in Africas interior

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African Slave Trade

• Many African kingdoms had participated in the
  slave trade for hundreds of years
• Bought and sold criminals, debtors, and prisoners
  of war as slaves
• European Interest in Slaves
• As Native American
• populations declined,
• Europeans wanted an
• inexpensive source of
• labor for their plantation
• colonies in the Americas

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North America
Europe
tobacco, sugar, cotton molasses
Virginia
manufactured goods
slaves
Africa
Senegal
West Indies
Gold Coast
slaves
South America
Brazil
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Triangular Trade

• Manufactured goods (tools, guns, rum, and cloth)
  from Europe to the coast of West Africa
• Slaves from Africa to the American colonies
• Raw materials (sugar, molasses, tobacco, and
  cotton) back to Europe

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Tobacco, cotton Sugar, molasses
Manufactured Goods
Slaves
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The Middle Passage

• The Middle Passage- the awful trip made by
  enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to
  the Americas
• About 16 million enslaved Africans were brought
  to the Americas between the 1500s and 1800s
• Slave traders crammed as many slaves as possible
  below deck
• One in five slaves did not make the journey

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Effects on African Societies

• Many African communities lost their strongest and
  most capable workers to the slave trade
• Families were torn apart
• The introduction of guns to the continent of
  Africa added to the cycle of violence

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Resistance to the Slave Trade

• Some African leaders
• King Alfonso I of the Congo
• asked the Pope to stop the
• slave trade
• Slave Revolts
• Most slave revolts were put down
• Successful revolts
• Slaves won freedom in French colony of Haiti
• Group of slaves won freedom after fighting their
  captors and taking control of their transport
  ship, the Amistad
• Abolitionist (anti-slavery) movements took place
  in the U.S. during the 1800s

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Continued Exploitation

• Slavery was outlawed in most places by the end of
  the 1800s
• Europeans continued colonizing Africa through
  early 1900s

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Participation in the Slave Trade

• Many African leaders participated in the slave
  trade to make money
• African merchants kidnapped people of interior
  parts of Africa and sold them to Europeans at
  trading posts along coast
• European merchants bought and sold African slaves
  for large profits

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Special Thanks To

• Google Images
• (contributions from various artists)
• Chanda Robinsons images taken in Ghana, West
  Africa of the Slave Dungeons