Water Resources Agency

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Groundwater Monitoring Network Plan, TAIWAN
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Introduction

• Taiwan, situated in the Western Pacific
  Ocean, is about midway between Japan to the north
  and Philippines Islands to the south. Taiwan and
  the southeast coast of Mainland China are
  separated by Taiwan Strait. The area of Taiwan is
  about 36,000 km2.

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• Water Resources Utilization in Taiwan, 2000

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Introduction

• Beginning from 1992, the Water Resources
  Agency has actively promoted the project
  Groundwater Monitoring Network Plan in Taiwan.
  The agency is in charge of planning, supervising,
  and funding supports for this project. The
  Central Geological Survey of MOEA, along with
  many other research institutions has all
  participated in this project. The total budget
  for this project is about 6.4 billions NTD
  (approximate 186 millions USD).

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Scope of the Work--Direct Goals

• - To establish the regional groundwater
  monitoring network system in Taiwan, to collect
  the long-term integrated information related to
  the hydrogeology, groundwater hydrology, and
  groundwater quality.
• To conduct the related investigations on
  groundwater hydrology and hydrogeology, to fully
  understand the characteristics of each
  groundwater flow regime, and to distinguish the
  geological and hydrological systems of each area.

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Scope of the Work --Direct Goals

• - To construct a groundwater hydrological
  information database and the integrated
  information system (including the decision-making
  supporting system), to facilitate the utilization
  and sharing of groundwater related data.
• To enact and promulgate the principles for
  groundwater resources utilization and
  conservation.

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Scope of the Work --Indirect Goals

• To regulate the courses of actions for both of
  the groundwater resources utilization and
  conservation in each area.
• To provide a guideline for groundwater management
  and land subsidence mitigation plan in each area.
• To establish the regional conjunctive operation
  and management projects for surface water and
  groundwater resources in each area.

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Scope of the Work --Stage Goals
Groundwater Divisions and Monitoring Network
Project Phases
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Scope of the Work --Stage Goals
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Establishment of Groundwater Monitoring Networks
Relationship Among the Major Tasks for
Groundwater Monitoring Network Plan
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Accomplishments and Applications

• Establishment of Groundwater Monitoring Network
• Up to 2002, 492 groundwater monitoring
  wells have been established (approximate
  1station/25km2). These monitoring wells and
  stations collect the groundwater level data from
  aquifers of different depth. During the
  construction period of monitoring wells, pumping
  tests were performed to determine the
  characteristics of aquifer. The analysis of
  transmissivity and storage coefficient for the
  aquifer can be used for groundwater resources
  potential assessment and flow regime model
  simulation.

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Distribution of Groundwater Monitoring Network
Wells
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Accomplishments and Applications

• Hydrogeological Investigation
• The hydrogeological investigations are performed
  with the establishment of the monitoring well
  networks. The drilling cores were photographed
  and recorded. Other analyses, such as well logs,
  fossils, geologic dating, and chemical
  compositions, etc., were also conducted. Within
  the last decade of this project, the
  hydrogeological conceptual models for each
  groundwater division have been competed for
  regions such as Choshui River Alluvial Fan,
  Pingtung Plain, Chianan Plain, Lanyang Plain, and
  Hsinchu-Miaoli Coastal areas.

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The geological column in the internet web
presentations
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Geological Cross for Choshui River Alluvial Fan
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Geological Fence Diagram of Choshui River
Alluvial Fan
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Accomplishments and Applications

• Well Maintenance Work
• Well camera technique can examine the monitoring
  well body and the well screens. The technique can
  monitor the inclination of well casing, and
  broken screens.
• The well development technique for monitoring
  wells in Taiwan is adopting the newly developed
  technique dual direction with high pressurized
  water column. Based on the reversal principal of
  pumping motor, the groundwater in the well casing
  is pressurized by the upper and lower pumps. The
  high pressure water ejected from the nozzle can
  well washes the well wall.

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The Dual Direction With High Pressurized Water
Column Well Development Technique
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Accomplishments and Applications

• Decision Support for Groundwater Resources
  Management.
• The main purpose of the system is to increase the
  efficiency and quality for groundwater resources
  management and decisions. The system includes
  three subsystems information retrieval and
  analysis subsystem, groundwater resources trend
  analysis subsystem, and groundwater operation and
  management subsystem.

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Information Retrieval and Analysis Subsystem
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Groundwater Resources Trend Analysis Subsystem
Groundwater Operation and Management Subsystem
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Accomplishments and Applications

• Groundwater Resources Development and
  Conservations
• Recently, Taiwan government has adopted the
  concept of sustainable development from Agenda
  21, and drafted three major principles for
  groundwater conservations, The draft are also
  based on principles of other countries, opinions
  of experts and scholars, and current status and
  demand for the country.
• In accordance with the three major principles,
  four strategies and eleven measures for
  groundwater conservations were subsequently
  drafted in order to fulfill concept of
  sustainable development.

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Accomplishments and Applications

• Regional Groundwater Resource Mappings
• WRA had proposed a mapping project that was to
  compile the regional groundwater hydrographs of
  Taiwan, in the year of 2000.
• A set of three maps in the scale of 1250,000,
  for regional groundwater resources characteristic
  indices such as modulus of groundwater flow,
  coefficient of groundwater flow, and coefficient
  of river recharge, were completed over the
  project period from late 2000 to the end of 2002.
  

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Accomplishments and Applications

• Groundwater Quality Monitoring Plan
• Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) has
  established another groundwater quality
  monitoring network in order to investigate the
  trend of shallow groundwater pollution, broad
  cast the warning of potential polluted area, and
  trace the pollution sources.
• Through the groundwater monitoring network, WRA
  handles different levels of groundwater quality
  analysis and periodic monitoring for indicator
  wells at different classes.

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Accomplishments and Applications

• Research of Groundwater Anomalies Before and
  After Earthquake
• WRA carries out the Research of Groundwater
  Anomalies before and after Earthquake. Sixteen
  seismic-groundwater anomalies monitoring wells
  will be constructed.
• The physical items of atmospheric pressure,
  rainfall, groundwater level, and water
  temperature are measured. The chemistry items of
  radon gas, Cl-, NO3-2, Ca2, K, and some anions
  or cations are also analyzed. The data of GPS
  time, surface displacement and seismic motions
  via GPS measurement, gathered by Central Weather
  Bureau, are analyzed and studied.

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A
E
D
G
H
B
B
J
F
I
K
The Integrated Seismic-Groundwater Anomalies
Monitoring System
C
A rain gauge B data logger
C confined aquifer D barometer
E GPS antenna F gas content analyzer
G data processing H communication device I
lightening conductor device J Central Weather
Bureau Station K seismograph
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Perspective and Prospects

• Education Training
• Current participating organizations of this
  project are actively promoting the fundamental
  educational training programs to the local public
  groups. The ideas of the Groundwater Monitoring
  Network Plan have been included into the science
  class teaching. Not only the school children,
  but also the public groups are promoted the
  rational concepts of natural resources
  protection for such work will be beneficial in
  proceeding to the future processes of the
  monitoring network establishment.

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Perspective and Prospects

• Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water
• In the future, with the information provided by
  monitoring network system, more research works
  are to be performed including groundwater
  anomalies before and after earthquakes, pore
  water pressure of deep aquifer and soil
  liquefaction problems, extreme metrological
  events and groundwater recharges, and new
  monitoring technologies that combines the
  metrological information for the natural
  disasters. Meanwhile, purposes of groundwater
  and surface water conjunctive use are achieved.

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Perspective and Prospects

• Prospecting the future, according to the
  experiences cumulated, the monitoring techniques
  will be updated from time to time. The
  management system will be reviewed and modified.
  The fundamental educational training programs
  will be reinforced, as well.

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Perspective and Prospects

• It is nevertheless the primary goal that the
  concepts for water resources conservation and
  protection are to be deeply rooted in the public
  minds namely, to reach the development and
  application perfection for the proposed planning
  of the Groundwater Monitoring Network, and to
  achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable uses of
  water resources.