States of Consciousness

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States of Consciousness

• Chapter 09

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I. Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

• Module 20

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A. Body Rhythms patterns of biological
functioning

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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1. Circadian Rhythms

• Occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle
• Ex Sleep-wake cycle

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2. Ultradian Rhythms

• Occur more than once per day
• Ex Sleep stages

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3. Infradian Rhythms

• Occur once a month or once a season
• Ex Womens menstrual cycle

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B. Why We Sleep

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Biological Structures

• Hypothalamus the brains sleep control center
• Melatonin a hormone that helps regulate
  sleep/wake cycle

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• 2. Preservation sleep keeps us protected from
  the dangers of the night
• 3. Restoration sleep lets us recuperate from
  the wear and tear of the day

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C. Stages of Sleep

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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EEG
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1. Stage 1

• Breathing is slowed and brain waves become
  irregular.
• It is easy to wake the person, who will insist
  they are not asleep.
• Person will report they have dreamlike
  sensations, such as falling.

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Stage 1
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Stages of Sleep
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Stage 1
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2. Stage 2

• Brain wave cycle slows.
• Spindles (Bursts of brain-wave activity) occur.
• Lasts about 20 min. (1st time through)

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Stage 2
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3. Stages 3 and 4

• Rejuvenation occurs
• Increase in delta waves (large and slow waves per
  second)
• Lasts about 30 min. (1st time through)

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Stage 3
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Stage 4
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4. REM Sleep

• When dreaming occurs
• Rapid eye movement (REM) eyes move quickly back
  and forth
• Stages 1-4 considered non-REM sleep
• (N-REM)
• Sometimes called paradoxical sleep because
  brain wave patterns are similar to when we are
  awake

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REM Sleep
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Typical Nights Sleep
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Sleep Changes through Life
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D. Why Do We Dream?

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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1. Information-Processing Theory

• Dreams serve an important memory- related
  function by sorting and sifting through the days
  experiences
• People who spend more time in REM sleep perform
  better on memory tests.

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2. Physiological Function Theory

• Neural activity during REM sleep provides
  periodic stimulation of the brain.

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3. Activation-Synthesis Theory

• Dreams are the minds attempt to make sense of
  random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

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4. Freudian Theory

• The Interpretation of Dreams

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a. Freuds reasons for dreaming

• To express fears or private thoughts
• To satisfy urges that society will not accept
• To release electrical charges from the brain in
  order to keep it running smoothly.

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b. How could dreams help us?

• Dreamwork can help people resolve problems by
  allowing them to discover what is really going on
  inside.

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c. Freudian Personality Theory

• Human Nature is selfish, primitive, aggressive,
  and desires pleasure.

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Three components of personality

• Id animal self
• Ego your everyday personality
• Superego the angel on your shoulder
• The superego represses the urges and desires of
  the id, causing psychological conflict.

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d. The Censor

• Part of the mind that changes upsetting dream
  images so we wont be so upset that we wake up.

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The End

• We are now going to watch a film about Freud and
  his theory of dreams.

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E. Sleep Disorders

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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1. Sleep Deprivation

• Decreased immunity
• Increased stress hormones
• Contributes to accidents, hypertension, impaired
  concentration, irritability, premature aging, etc.

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Sleep Deprivation(National Transportation Safety
Board, 1995)
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2. Insomnia

• Recurring problems falling asleep or staying
  asleep
• Sleeping pills and alcohol suppress REM sleep
  worsen the problem

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3. Sleep Apnea

• A sleep disorder characterized by inability to
  breathe at times during sleep, causing sleep
  deprivation.
• Treatment Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
  (CPAP) machine

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4. Narcolepsy A sleep disorder characterized by
uncontrollable sleep attacks

• Somnambulism - Sleepwalking6. Night Terrors
  - high arousal and appearance of being terrified
  occurs during stage 4, usually in children

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7. Other Sleep Disorders

• Bruxism teeth grinding
• Enuresis bed wetting
• Myoclonus sudden jerk of a body part during
  stage 1 (happens to everyone occasionally)

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The End
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II. Hypnosis

• Module 21

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A. Hypnosis

• A social interaction in which one person (the
  hypnotist) makes suggestions about thoughts,
  feelings, or behaviors, and another person (the
  subject) follows those suggestions

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B. Theories of Hypnosis

• Module 21 Hypnosis

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1. Social Influence Theory

• Social factors and expectations about hypnosis
  influence people to believe in it and act
  accordingly

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2. Divided Consciousness Theory

• During hypnosis, one aspect of consciousness is
  not aware of the role that other parts are
  playing.

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C. Hypnotic Techniques

• Module 21 Hypnosis

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1. Hypnotic Induction

• Process in which a hypnotist creates a state of
  hypnosis in a subject
• Not everyone is hypnotizable

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Hypnotizability
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2. Posthypnotic Suggestions

• Telling the subject things to do, think, or feel
  after the session ends
• Ex Telling a man he will be nauseous every time
  he reaches for a cigarette

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D. Applications of Hypnosis

• Module 21 Hypnosis

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• May help improve memory.
• Helps control pain.
• May have a placebo effect for other ailments
  (People think they will get better so they do).
• 4. Feats of strength - Hypnosis is likely no
  more influential than ordinary suggestions.

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Feats of Strength
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5. Age Regression

• Going back in time during hypnosis to remember
  something traumatic
• Not proven by research

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The End
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III. Drugs

• Module 22

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A. Psychoactive Drug

• Any chemical substance that alters perceptions,
  mood, or behavior
• 3 most commonly used psychoactive drugs
• Caffeine
• Alcohol
• Nicotine

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B. Dependence

• A state of physiological and/or psychological
  need to take more of a substance after continued
  use.

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C. Withdrawal

• Discomfort and distress that occur when a person
  stops using a drug upon which he/she is dependent
• Ex tremors, fever, and cravings occur when a
  person cannot get heroin

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D. Tolerance

• Reduced responsiveness to a drug, causing a user
  to take an increased dose

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Tolerance
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E. Drug Classifications

• Module 22 Drugs

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1. Depressants

• Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body
  functions
• Ex alcohol

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a. Barbiturates

• Depress (slow) the activity of the CNS (heart
  rate, breathing)
• Reduce anxiety

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b. Benzodiazepines

• Fewer side effects than barbiturates but can
  create dependency
• Ex Valium and Xanax

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2. Opiates

• Also depress neural activity, temporarily lesson
  pain and anxiety
• Ex opium, morphine, and heroin

• Endorphins Bodys natural pain killersb.
  Methadone a synthetic opiate used in addiction
  treatment

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3. Stimulants

• Excite neural activity and speed up body
  functions
• Ex caffeine, nicotine, cocaine

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4. Hallucinogens

• Distort perceptions and create sensory
  experiences with no outside sensory input
• Ex LSD and ecstasy

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5. Marijuana

• THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the active
  ingredient
• Causes mild hallucinogenic experiences and
  relaxation
• Disrupts memory lung damage from smoke

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High School Drug Use(Johnston others, 2002)
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The End