States of Consciousness

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States of Consciousness
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Levels of Consciousness

• We know that various levels exists beyond the
  conscious level.
• Mere-exposure effect
• Priming
• Blind sight

Taiwanese Letter Example
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When we are awake we are
In a state of Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our
surroundings includes feelings, sensations,
ideas, perceptions
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The central theory of conscious behavior can be
found in
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Conscious
Subconscious
Unconscious
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Why Do We Daydream?

• They can help us prepare for future events

• They can nourish our social development

• Can substitute for impulsive behavior

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Sleep and Dreams

• You spend one third of your whole life sleeping.
• Why do we sleep?
• Why do we dream?
• Like all creatures, we have a biological clock,
  which governs our daily function. This process is
  called circadian rhythms.
• These rhythms include a sequence of bodily
  changes, such as a change in body temperature,
  blood pressure, and sleepiness and wakefulness,
  that occurs every 24 hours.

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Circadian Rhythm

• Our 24 hour biological clock
• The rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting
  approximately one day
• Our body temperature and awareness changes
  throughout the day
• It is best to take a test or study during your
  circadian peaks

How can the circadian rhythm help explain jet
lag?
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The Stages of Sleep

• Researchers have discovered that we sleep in
  stages.
• These stages are defined according to brain wave
  patterns measured by electroencephalograph
  (EEG).
• Brain waves (electrical activity) are cyclical.
  That is, they vary according to whether we are
  awake, relaxed, or sleeping.
• There are four different kinds of brain waves
  beta, alpha, theta, and delta.
• Awake brain beta waves (short and quick)
• Begin to relax and get drowsy, the brain waves
  slow and change to alpha waves (a little slower
  than beta)
• After this relaxed state, sleep follows in five
  distinct stages.

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Sleep Stages

• There are 5 identified stages of sleep.
• It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the
  5 stages.
• The brains waves will change according to the
  sleep stage you are in.
• The first four stages and know as NREM sleep..
• The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

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Stage One

• This is experienced as falling to
• sleep and is a transition stage
• between wake and sleep.
• It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and
  occupies approximately 2-5 of a normal night of
  sleep.
• eyes begin to roll slightly.
• consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude,
  low frequency (slow))
• brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those
  present while awake

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Stage Two

• This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline"
  of sleep.
• This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and
  occupies approximately 45-60 of sleep.

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Stage Three Four

• Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow
  wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes.
• It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain
  activity slows down dramatically from the "theta"
  rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called
  "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves
  increases dramatically.

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Stage Three and Four (continued)

• Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep
  that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM)
  and the most restorative.
• It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's
  brain craves the first and foremost.
• In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40 of
  all sleep time and this is what makes children
  unawake able
• or "dead asleep" during
• most of the night.

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Stage Five REM SLEEP

• REM Rapid Eye Movement
• This is a very active stage of sleep.
• Composes 20-25 of a normal nights sleep.
• Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity
  quicken.
• Vivid Dreams can occur.
• From REM, you go back to Stage 2

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REM

• Body is essentially paralyzed during REM.
• Genitals become aroused. Erections and clitoral
  engorgement.
• Morning Erections are from final REM stage.

A typical 25 year old man has an erection during
half of his sleep
A 65 year old- one quarter
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Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
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Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep
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What if you didnt sleep?

• In 1964, a research study was conducted under the
  supervision of a doctor ? a 17 year old boy
  stayed awake for almost 11 days straight.
• Result he was extremely irritable, could not
  focus his eyes, had speech difficulties, memory
  lapses, accident prone and depressed immune
  system.
• Person would eventually die if they didnt sleep.

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Sleep Disorders
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Insomnia

• Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
• Not your once in a while (I have a big test
  tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep
  episodes
• Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours
  you sleep every night
• Primary versus Secondary insomnia

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Narcolepsy

• Characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks

• Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during
  times of stress or joy)

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Sleep Apnea

• A sleep disorder characterized by temporary
  cessations of breathing during sleep and
  consequent momentary reawakenings

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Night Terrors

• A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal
  and an appearance of being terrified.
• Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often
  remembered.

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Sleepwalking(Somnambulism)

• Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an
  estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once
  in their lives.
• Sleep walking most often occurs during deep
  non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in
  the night.

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Sleepwalking

• Symptoms and Features
• Ambulation (walking or moving about) that occurs
  during sleep. The onset typically occurs in
  pre-pubertal children.
• difficulty in arousing the patient during an
  episode
• amnesia following an episode
• Fatigue (which is not the same as drowsiness), 
• stress and anxiety 
• Young children who have the deepest and
  lengthiest Stage 4 sleep, are most likely to
  experience both night terrors and sleepwalking.
  As we get older, Stage 4 sleep diminishes so do
  night terrors and sleepwalking.

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Sleepwalking

• The sleep walking activity may include simply
  sitting up and appearing awake while actually
  asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex
  activities such as moving furniture, going to the
  bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar
  activities. Some people even drive a car while
  actually asleep. The episode can be very brief (a
  few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30
  minutes or longer.
• One common misconception is that a sleep walker
  should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to
  awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for
  the person to be confused or disoriented for a
  short time on awakening. Another misconception is
  that a person cannot be injured when sleep
  walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things
  as tripping and loss of balance are common for
  sleep walkers.

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Why Dream?

• Dreaming, primarily occurs during REM sleep. When
  someone is awakened during REM sleep, they
  usually report/remember a dream.
• The average adult dreams for about 1 ½ hours
  every night.
• Modern psychology suggests that dreams are simply
  a reflection of the brains aroused state during
  active sleep.

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Why Dream?

• During REM sleep, the cerebral cortex is active,
  but it is largely shut off from sensory input.
• The brains activity then is not constrained by
  the demands of external reality.
• Memory images become more prominent than during
  waking life for they do have to compete with
  the insistent here and now provided by the
  senses.
• The recent experiences of the day are usually
  evoked, and they then arouse a number of previous
  memories and intermingle them.

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Freuds wish-fulfillment Theory

• Dreams are the key to understanding our inner
  conflicts
• Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our
  unconscious
• Manifest and latent content

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Freuds theory of dreams

• Freud began with the assumption that at the root
  of every dream lies an attempt at wish
  fulfillment.
• While awake, a wish is not always acted upon
  because considerations of both reality (the ego)
  and morality (the super ego)
• But during sleep, these restraints are
  drastically weakened and the wish then leads to
  immediate thoughts and images of gratification.
• The underlying wish touches upon some forbidden
  impulses/desires that might be associated with
  anxiety.
• Therefore, the wish is censored (cannot be
  expressed directly) only allowed to surface
  within a dream in symbolic disguise.
• The dreamer never experiences the latent
  (underlying) dream that is the hidden wish
  Instead, experiences the manifest (obvious) dream
  emerging after the defense mechanisms have done
  their work.
• Latent Content the underlying meaning of a
  dream.
• Manifest Content the remembered storyline of a
  dream.
• This latent-manifest dreaming represents a
  compromise between forbidden urges (id) and
  repressive forces (super ego) that hold them
  down.
• Essentially, according to Freud, dreaming is a
  symbolic process. True forbidden wishes are
  veiled in symbolic disguises.

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Information-Processing Theory

• Dreams act to sort out and understand the
  memories that you experience that day
• REM sleep does increase after stressful events

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Physiological Function Theories

• Activation-Synthesis Theory
• during the night our brainstem releases random
  neural activity, dreams may be a way to make
  sense of that activity.

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REM Rebound

• The tendency for REM sleep to increase following
  REM sleep deprivation
• What will happen if you dont get a good nights
  sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours?

You will dream a lot!!!
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Hypnosis
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Hypnosis

• Altered state of consciousness?
• Posthypnotic suggestion
• Posthypnotic amnesia

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Hypnotic Theories

• Role Theory

• State Theory

• Hypnosis is NOT an altered state of
  consciousness.
• Different people have various state of hypnotic
  suggestibility.
• A social phenomenon where people want to believe.
• Work better on people with richer fantasy lives.

• Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.
• Dramatic health benefits
• It works for pain best.

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Dissociation Theory

• Theory by Ernest Hilgard.
• We voluntarily divide our consciousness up.
• Ice Water Experiment.
• We have a hidden observer, a level of us that is
  always aware.

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DRUGS
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Drugs and Consciousness

• Psychoactive Drug
• a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
  mood
• Physical Dependence
• physiological need for a drug
• marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
• Psychological Dependence
• a psychological need to use a drug
• for example, to relieve negative emotions

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• Psychoactive Drugs
• Depressants Downers
• drugs that reduce neural activity
• slow body functions
• Alcohol (Involved in up to 60 of all
  crimes the worst drug from a
• macro perspective out there)
• barbiturates and opiates
• Stimulants Uppers
• drugs that excite neural activity
• speed up body functions
• caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine,
  ecstasy
• Hallucinogens
• psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort
  perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
  absence of sensory input
• LSD
• Barbiturates Tranquilizers
• drugs that depress the activity of the central
  nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing
  memory and judgment
• Opiates

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Psychoactive Drugs