Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

• Chapter 3

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3-1 Water
Biochemistry
3-2 Carbon Compounds
3-3 Molecules of Life
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Water

• Polarity
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Cohesion same
• High Specific Heat
• Adhesion different
• Universal Solvent
• Capillarity

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Carbon Compounds

• Organic v. Inorganic
• Carbon (C) Bonding
• 4 covalent bonds!!
• Arrangements chain, branched chain, ring
• Single, double, triple bonds

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Functional Groups
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Large Carbon Molecules

• Monomer building block
• Polymer monomers bonded
• Macromolecule biomolecules
• Carbohydrates sugars starches
• Lipids fats, oils, waxes
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA

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Biochemical Reactions

• Condensation Reaction- anabolic
• AKA Dehydration Synthesis
• Monomer monomer ? Polymer H2O
• Monosaccharides? polysaccharides
• Glycerol Fatty Acids? Lipids
• Amino acids? proteins
• Nucleotides? nucleic acids

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Dehydration Synthesis
2 Monomers Bonded Polymer
Remove H2O
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Biochemical Reactions

• Hydrolysis- catabolic
• Polymer H2O ? monomer monomer
• Polysaccharides? monosaccharides

Separate polymer into 2 monomers
Add H2O
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ATP (Energy Currency)

• Adenosine Triphosphate ATP
• Compound with energy body can USE
• 3 Phosphate groups attached
• 3rd PO4 bond STORE MOST ENERGY

3 Phosphate Groups
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Molecules of Life

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Elements C, H, O (121) (CH2O)n
• Monomer monosaccharide
• Polymer polysaccharide
• Functional Groups
• Hydroxyl (-OH)
• Types
• Monosaccharide Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
  isomers
• Disaccharide sucrose, maltose, lactose
• Polysaccharide starch, cellulose, glycogen
• Functions
• Easily accessible energy source (glucose)
• Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)

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Monosaccharides Isomers
C6H12O6 Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
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Lipids

• Elements C, H, O (NOT 121)
• Monomers Glycerol Fatty Acids
• Polymers Lipids
• Functional Groups
• Carboxyl (-COOH)
• Types Saturated Unsaturated Triglycerides (TG)
  , Phospholipids (PL), Waxes, Steroids
• Functions
• Stores 2x amount of energy as carbos long term
• Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL)
• Waterproof coating on plants (waxes)
• Hormones Cholesterol (steroids)
• Insulation

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Lipids Triglycerides
Saturated v. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
1Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids? 1Trigyceride
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Phospholipid Bilayer Of Cell Membrane
Phosphate Group Hydophilic
Steroid Cholesterol
Lipid tail Hydrophobic
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Proteins

• Elements C, H, O, N
• Monomers Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body
• Polymers Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein
• Structures 1, 2, 3, 4
• Functional Groups
• Carboxyl (-COOH)
• Amino (-NH2)
• R-Group (group that changes determines aa)
• Types Enzymes
• Substrate Lock Key Function
• Factors affecting enzyme function temp pH
• Functions
• Catalyzes reactions (enzymes)
• Transports into/ out of cell through channels,
  etc.

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R Group
Carboxyl
Amino Acid (Glycine)
Amino
Amino Acid (Alanine)
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Peptide Bond Dipeptide
Products 2 Amino Acids
Enzyme action
Substrate Dipeptide
Enzyme
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Nucleic Acids

• Elements C, H, O, N, P
• Monomers Nucleotide
• 5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base
• Polymers DNA, RNA
• Functional Groups
• Phosphate group (-PO4)
• 5-C sugar Deoxyribose v. Ribose
• Types DNA (in nucleus), RNA
• Functions
• Genetic Information (DNA)
• Controls cells activities (DNA)
• Stores transfers info for protein synthesis
  (RNA)

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Nucleotide DNA