ICAO

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ICAOs WORK on AVIATIONEMISSIONS
Presentation to ICAO/McGill Conference on
Aviation Safety, Security and the Environment

• Jane Hupe
• Chief, Environmental Unit
• Montreal, 16 September 2007

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Key Environmental Issues
Noise

• dB

• HC

• C02

• NOx

• CO

Aircraft Engine Emissions
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Context

• Emissions at high altitudes (8 to 13 km)
• Past / future growth
• Adverse meteorological conditions
• Fuel alternatives

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Challenges for States and ICAO

• How to find an appropriate balance between future
  growth and environmental problems?
• How to accommodate States very different views
  within a harmonized worldwide approach?

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ICAO Assembly
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Special Report on Aviation and the Global
Atmosphere

• Prepared at ICAOs request in 1999
• Covered climate change and ozone depletion
• Aircraft in 1992 were estimated to contribute
  about 3.5 percent of the total radiative forcing
  (a measure of change in climate) by all human
  activities and this percentage, which excludes
  the effects of possible changes in cirrus clouds,
  was projected to grow.

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• IPCC updated information on aviation
• in 4th Assessment Report (AR4) 2007

• Aviation
• 3.0 of the total of the radiative forcing
• 2 of globally produced CO2
• 13 of fossil fuels consumed by transport
• CO2 projected to grow around 3 to 4 / year
• Medium-term mitigation for CO2 emissions from
  the aviation sector potentially can come from
  improved fuel efficiency. However, such
  improvements are expected to only partially
  offset the growth of aviation CO2 emissions.

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Tracking Climate Change

• Aviation contributes to main scientific research
  projects
• In the framework of the CARIBIC and MOZAIC
  projects, and now IAGOS sensitive measuring
  devices aboard long-haul aircraft collect data on
  the composition of the Earths atmosphere.
  Scientists worldwide benefit from this research,
  which helps them better understand the causes and
  developments of climatic changes.

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Kyoto Protocol

• Adopted in 1997/into force Feb. 2005
• Commits Annex I Parties (developed Countries) to
  individual, legally-binding targets to limit or
  reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• Reductions of at least 5 between 2008-2012
  compared to 1990 levels, AND TO
• Pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of
  greenhouse gases from aviation bunker fuels,
  working through ICAO

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ICAO and UNFCCC

• ALL parties have to report to the Convention on
  their emissions, including aviation emissions
• Domestic aviation emissions included in national
  totals
• International aviation emissions reported
• ICAO provided a study on quality of aviation
  emissions data
• ICAO cooperated with the revision of the 1996
  IPPC Guidelines which includes an update of the
  aviation emissions factors and other parameters

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ICAO and UNFCCC Contd

• Last Assembly requested ICAO to continue to
  develop policy options to limit or reduce
  emissions and to develop proposals and provide
  advice to UNFCCC and
• to place special emphasis on the use of technical
  solutions while continuing consideration of
  market-based measures

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Policy Options to Reduce Emissions

• Technology and Standards
• Operational Measures
• Market-based Measures
• Emissions charges
• Emissions trading
• Voluntary measures

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Technology and Standards

• Emissions standards (NOx, HC, CO and smoke
  number)
• Emissions database available from ICAO website

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Technical Issues NOx Standards

• first adopted in 1981 and made more stringent
  in1993,1998 and in 2004, when ICAO adopted new
  Standards to be applicable in 2008, 12 lower
  than the existing Standards.
• NOx Standards are beneficial to LAQ and global
  climate

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Long-term Technology Goals for CAEP

• Medium (10 years) and Long term (20 years)
• Technology Goals
• 45 (2016) and 60 (2026) below CAEP/6
• Report to be made openly available
• Progress towards goals to be monitored
• Goal-setting process to
• be applied to
• Noise
• Fuel consumption
• Operational measures

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Operational Measures

• Improvements in air traffic management (ATM) and
  other operational procedures could reduce
  aviation fuel burn by between 8 and 18
• Most important fuel saving opportunities come
  from ATM efficiencies
• more direct routings
• use of more efficient conditions such as optimum
  altitude and speed
• e.g. CDAs, RVSM

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Improvements in Flight Operations

• Opportunities for fuel conservation
• Landing weight
• Fuel reserves
• Airplane loading
• Route selection
• Altitude selection
• Speed selection
• Flap selection

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What Are Market-Based Measures?

• are policy tools that are designed to achieve
  environmental goals at a lower cost and in a more
  flexible manner than traditional command and
  control regulatory measures.
• ICAO has looked at
• voluntary measures
• emissions charges
• emissions trading

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Types of MBMs

• Voluntary Measures
• government and other entity agree to take
  specified actions or meet specified goals
• Emissions Charges
• a charge on the amount of emissions
• revenues used to mitigate the environmental
  impact of engine emissions
• Emissions Trading
• the total amount of emissions would be capped
• allowances in the form of permits could be bought
  and sold to meet emission reduction objectives
• open trading allows trading across sectors

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ICAO Guidance on Emissions Trading

• Requested by last Assembly
• New area - Living document
• Focus on aviation-specific issues
• Aircraft are mobile sources
• International civil aircraft operations only
• Not State aircraft - no customs and police
  services
• Identifies options, pros and cons and offers
  potential solutions where possible
• Approved as draft guidance

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A35-5 Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO
policies and practices related to environmental
protection
New proposal for A36 Appendix H  Aviation
impact on local air quality Appendix I  Aviation
impact on global climate
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For more information on ICAO activities on
environmental protection

• ICAO WEB PAGE
• www.ICAO.int
• Gateway to the UN System'sWork on Climate Change
  www.un.org/climatechange
• ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 2007

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Action without study is fatal Study without
action is futile.
Thank you