Prosperous De Facto Communication Technologies outside Academic Societies

1
Prosperous De Facto Communication Technologies
outside Academic Societies

• Sep. 27, 2006
• Tohru Asami
• Graduate School of Information Science and
  Technology
• The University of Tokyo
• asami_at_ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

2
Contents 1. Operational Department-initiative
Developments 2. A case study in Japan (1) Ether
over Ether (2) 3GPP2 Mobile IP 3. Roles of
Academic Societies for Commercialization
3

• Operational Department-initiative Developments
• Competitive services ? Shorter Development Cycle

4
Telecom Market after the Collapse of the IT
Bubble Economy

• US Telcos Return to monopolization
• Development power of new services weakened
• No leadership for new L1L2 services since 2000
• Telcos in Japan US Teleco model in 80s
• Competitive service developments among service
  providers
• New services deployed by Japan Korea especially
  in 3G Markets in 21 Century
• So in fixed communication markets
• JapanKoreaTest bed for new services
  technologies in the world

5
In Reality, Larger Gap between RD and
Operational Department

• Looks like a boon to RD Labs. as well as
  academic societies
• Business divisions cannot win the market just by
  following given services by others
• Better environments Business as well as
  infrastructures(3G, FTTH,etc.)
• However, business divisions developed such
  services by themselves
• Less contributions to academic societies
• Larger risks of developments

6
2. A case study in Japan (1) Ether over Ether
(2) 3GPP2 Mobile IP
7
Business Needs vs. Researches

• Banters on Mobile IP and Multicast Technologies
• Everybody knows it but nobody uses.
• Research for research.
• Failures in the Internet Technologies
• What is the killer application?
• When is it put into real markets?
• But they are important in NGN as well as FMC
• Are they such dumb technologies?

8
2. A Case Study in Japan Example 1 Ether over
Ether A Nation-wide Ethernet Service First Killer
Application for Multicasting
9
Wide-area Ethernet Service Cash Cow for
Solution Business
Earnings in 100 M Yens
of Circuits


Year




Earnings
Circuits
Ref Fuji Chimera Research Institute Inc.,
Market Survey on Broadband Business in 2005
10
The Dawn of Communication-and-broadcasting
Convergence in 2000
Nation-wide Communication Service based on
Broadcast-based Routing Protocol!

• Oct. 1999
• Wide-area LAN service started by CWC
• Dec. 2000
• Q-in-Q Service introduced by TTNet (Poweredcom)
• Dec. 2002
• Ether over Ether(EoE) RFP was issued
• Mar. 2004
• EoE put into operation

11
Principles of Wide-area Ethernet Service

• Applying Ethernet, widely used in LAN and with
  inexpensive switches, to WAN, provide
  non-conventional services such as
• Access network service having high affinity with
  Ethernet-based LANs
• Inexpensive communication service
• Enhanced Ethernet technology in the following
  points
• Long distance transmission
• High reliability with redundancy
• VPN
• From the service point view
• Protocol-transparent service above
• Multicast is inevitable for VLAN (The first
  killer application for Multicast)

12
Nation-wide Ethernet Service
User LAN B
User LAN C
C-DA
Terminal b
Nagoya
Wide-area Ethernet Service Networks
Osaka
Switch b
Switch c
Core Switch X
B-DA
B-SA
Switch a
User LAN A
Terminal a
Tokyo
C-SA
13
IEEE 802.1ad
(1) User Frame
6
6
4
2
46 - 1500 octets
6
Len/ Type
C-DA
C-SA
C-TAG optional
FCS
Client Data
4
4
(2) IEEE 802.1ad
Len/ Type
C-DA
C-SA
S-TAG
C-TAG optional
FCS
Client Data
TPID Tag Protocol ID PCP Priority Code
Point DE Drop Eligible VID VLAN ID
C-DA Customer Destination Address C-SA Customer
Source Address C-TAGCustomer VLAN Tag S-TAG
Service VLAN Tag Len/Type Length or Type
T P I D
T C I
2 octets
3
1
12bits
PCP
DE
VID
14
IEEE 802.1ad vs. Ether over Ether

• Base technologies of IEEE802.1ad s.t. Q-in-Q did
  not fit into the large scale deployments in Japan
• Not enough number of VLANs
• A number of troubles
• FDB overflows in core switches
• Frequent loop conditions
• ..
• Redesign of switches was urgent after the service
  started
• Ether over Ether Development of new switches
  based on a Japanese vendor

15
Ether over Ether vs. IEEE 802.1ah
(3) Ether over Ether
2
1
1
B-DA
B-SA
S-TAG
EoE TPID
FCS
T T L
E I D
Len/ Type
C-DA
C-SA
C-TAG optional
Client Data
T P I D
T C I
B-DA Backbone Destination Address B-SA
Backbone Source Address TTL Time to Live
EID Extension tag ID
2 octets
3
1
12bits
PCP
DE
VID
(4) IEEE 802.1ah
6 octets
I-Tag
B-DA
B-SA
B-TAG
FCS
Len/ Type
C-DA
C-SA
C-TAG optional
Client Data
B-TAG Backbone TAG I-TAG Extended Service
Tag PCP Priority Code Point DEI Drop Eligible
Indicator RSVReserved (0) I-SIDInstance-Service
ID
2 octets
24bits
3
1
4
I-SID
I-Tag TPID
P C P
RSV
D E I
16
Ether over Ether vs. IEEE 802.1ah
IEEE 802.1ah Ether over Ether
Category Mac-in-Mac Mac-in-Mac
Loop Protection None(Detection of Loop) TTL
Max of VLANs I-SID(24bits) 16,777,215 S-VID(12bits) EID(8bits) 1,048,576
Max of Broadcast Domains B-VID(12bits)4096 1,048,576
OAM Use IEEE 802.1ag. No OAM for MAC Flash of Edges Ether over Ether Control Protocol.OAM for MAC Flash of Edges
17
Deployments of Ether over Ether

• Japan Cash cow in enterprise market
• Service NTT Communications, KDDI, JT, Other
  major Communication Carriers
• Core switch products Fujitsu, Hitachi Cable
• Used in part ALAXALA Networks
• Other countries Nation-wide Ethernet is not
  popular (for metro-ethernet at best)
• Ether over Ether has not been used other than in
  Japan.
• The world big 3 switch vendors (Cisco Systems,
  Extreme Networks, Foundry Networks) do not
  support EoE,but IEEE802.1ad.
• No standardization efforts

18
2. A Case Study in Japan Example 2 3GPP2 Mobile
IP First Carrier-Grade Specification for Mobile
IP
19
3GPP2 Mobile IP
Modified from 3GPP2, cdma2000 Wireless IP
Network Standard Introduction, X.S0011-001-D,
http//www.3gpp2. org/Public_html/specs/X.S0011-00
1-D_v1.0_060301.pdf, Feb.2006.
MS Mobile Station RAN Radio Access Network BS
Base Station BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC
Base Station Controller PCF Packet Control
Function PDSN Packet Data Serving Node RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service FA
Foreign Agent HA Home Agent MSCMobile
Switching Center HLRHome Location Register
Home Access Provider Network
HAb
RADIUSb
PDSNb
HLR
BS
SS7 Network
A1
MSC
BSC
BTS
RADIUSc
PDSNa
PCF
IP Network
HAc
BS
Home IP Network (Private)
RADIUSa
BSCa
PCFa
MS
Access Provider Network
CN
cdma2000 RAN
20
Protocol Reference Model for MIP4 Control and IKE
MIP4
MIP4
IKE
UDP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP/IPsec
IP/IPsec
PPP
L2
PPP
cdma2000 Air Interface
cdma2000 Air Interface
A-10
PL
PL
BTS,BSC
PCF
PDSN/FA
HA
MS
Modified from 3GPP2, cdma2000 Wireless IP
Network Standard Introduction, X.S0011-001-D,
http//www.3gpp2. org/Public_html/specs/X.S0011-00
1-D_v1.0_060301.pdf, Feb.2006.
21
(b) Protocol Reference Model for MIP4 User Data
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP/IPsec
IP/IPsec
PPP
L2
PPP
L2
A-10
cdma2000 Air Interface
cdma2000 Air Interface
PL
PL
PL
PDSN/FA
HA
BTS,BSC
PCF
MS
CN
Modified from 3GPP2, cdma2000 Wireless IP
Network Standard Introduction, X.S0011-001-D,
http//www.3gpp2. org/Public_html/specs/X.S0011-00
1-D_v1.0_060301.pdf, Feb.2006.
22
A-8/A-9 and A-10/A-11
PPP
PPP
Signalings
Signalings
GRE
GRE
IP
IP
(c1) A-8
(c2) A-9
(d1) A-10
(d2) A-11
(c) BSC-PCF Interface
(d) PCF-PDSN Interface
23
What is Communication Business?
Authentication Authorization Accounting
AAA

• Privacy

24
Advantages of Fixed IP Address for Service
Providers

• Popular
• Better Security
• Nonsense unless it is bound to some other
  tamperproof ID
• Customized services for each user
• QoS
• Seamless hand-over between fixed and mobile
  networks
• Terminals can be called in case that they are
  always-on
• Not So Popular
• Scalable and inexpensive load-balancing of
  servers Assign each server to a set of
  addresses
• Design and control the congestion of server
• Scalable accounting system
• Protocol-transparent above L3
• Load balancers independent on new service
  introductions
• Less operational cost
• Avoid payload analysis in load balancing, such as
  Cookie,SSL Session ID, etc., from the point of
  secrecy of communication

25
Advantages and Disadvantages Talked on MIP

• Advantages
• Mobility management by MIP Session management
  by SIP
• Easy monitoring of mobile terminals traffic
  controls
• Advantages of fixed IP address of Terminal
• More advantages in private address networks
• Use terminals in visiting networks without
  configuration changes
• Duplicated IP addresses enlarges the IP address
  space
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to optimize routes lt In fact its not
  a flaw.
• Mobility control is not sufficient to keep QoS lt
  Other IP technologies also cannot
• No large scale deployments other than 3GPP2
• No public information on usages of MIP by 3GPP2
  providers

26
Trend of Internet-accessible Cell Phones
Class A Network Address 10.0.0.0/8
22416,777,216
Ezweb, I-mode, Vodafone live
(Million)
100
90
At the end of April, 2005 Total 7,559
Million (Total cell phones 8,743 Million)
80
Total subscription phones
70
Vf-live
60
EZweb
50
I-mode 4,428 Million Ezweb 1,847
Million Vf-live 1,282 Million
40
30
i-mode
20
10
0
3
6
9
3
6
9
3
6
9
3
6
9
3
6
9
3
6
9
12
12
12
12
12
12
2002
2001
2000
1999
2003
2004
2005
Ref. Telecommunications Carriers Association
27
Management of MIP addresses in 3GPP2

• Principles Reverse tunneling PDSN(for PPP
  FA)
• Assign Ijkl IP addresses (Simple IPv4(i),
  Simple IPv6( j), MIP4(k), MIP6(l)) to each
  terminal(PPP)
• Support ij0 for FA-mode of MIP
• Possible to assign NAI or fixed IP address to
  terminal (MS) based on hardware-defined IMSI
  (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
• gtgtgt
• Keep location privacy of terminal
• Terminals with the same private IP address
  belonging to different private networks co-exist
  under the same PDSN

28
Possible Business Advantages of 3GP2 MIP- All
Comes from PPPFA with Reverse Tunneling -

• As solution service
• Mobile terminals belonging to a enterprise
  network can be used in the same conditions as
  they are the enterprise network
• No exits for the Internet in case of terminals
  given only MIP address
• As cell phone service
• Extend the private network address to almost
  unlimited
• Address space N x 10.0.0.0/8
• Inter-provider service
• Easy roaming between providers without taking
  care of IP addresses used
• Application can be served even to terminals in
  visiting networks
• Easy realization of MVNO(Mobile Virtual Network
  Operator) without taking care of IP addresses used

29
Summary of 3GPP2 MIPFA mode vs. Co-located
Care-of Address Mode

• Faults in MIP standardization process
• FA mode has clear business needs
• No business needs for co-located care-of address
  mode
• No business needs for route optimization
• Reverse tunneling and PPP in FA mode was a key
  for business requirements
• Wasteful efforts for many technological issues
  which do not have clear business requirements?
• Could we input proper business needs into the MIP
  standardization process?

30
3. Roles of Academic Societies for
Commercialization
31
Academic Publications
Academic societies are no more needed for
technology development affecting the fate of the
company?
Ether over Ether 3GPP2 Mobile IP
Journal Papers 0 0
Technical Groups 0 0
Technical Commentaries 0.1(just as a technical term) 0
Technical Books 1(IEICE) 0
32
Lessons

• High possibility of service creations originated
  by Japanese providers under competitive
  environments
• Operational divisions can develop services by
  themselves
• Less influence by RD division
• No output for RD
• Possibility of de facto service/technology
  development by providers other than NTT
• Increase of risks at development
• Such de facto can appear earlier than
  corresponding international standards
• No top vendors support Japan-local de facto
  standard
• Standardizations are necessary but No incentive
  for operational divisions to standardize
• Who make efforts for standardizations?

33
Towards Reconstruction of Proper RD Model--
Avoid Research without needs Development
without seeds --
RD Divisions
Academic Societies
Operational Division
Plan
Plan
Plan
Do
Do
Do
Check
Check
Check
Action
Action
Action
Role of RD Generalize problems in operational
divisions, and publicize them to academic
societies
34
Thank You! RD as well as operational divisions
are at the crossroads in communication
industry. Some relations to the stagnation of
academic societies? How to improve?