An Overview of Networking: History of the Internet

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An Overview of NetworkingHistory of the Internet

• PMHS Computer Literacy
• Fall 2001

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How Much do YOU Know?

• When was the Internet created, and why?
• How do computers address one another over the
  Internet?
• How is WWW related to the Internet?
• When was WWW created?
• Whats a browser? an ISP?
• When you talk to someone in California, how does
  the signal get there?

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Cold War Beginnings -- 1957

• In response to the launch of Sputnik in 1957, the
  US Dept. of Defense formed the Advanced Research
  Projects Agency (ARPA).
• Communications are vital for successful warfare.
• Computers are vital for aiming the nuclear
  missiles at the bad guys...

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1960s Computers

• Computers at this time are mostly big University
  and Research facility mainframes.
• People use terminals to share the processing
  ability of the mainframe. Terminals are I/O
  connections for a computer -- keyboard monitor,
  punch card readers...

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The First Networks

• Terminals are connected to the mainframe in a
  network
• Mainframes dont talk to each other much yet.

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Cross-Country Connection

• 1965 ARPA sponsors the connection of MIT System
  Development Corporation, in Santa Monica
  California.
• They connect over a dedicated phone line.

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ARPAnet

• In the late 1960s the ARPA-funded research leads
  to the connection of 4 computers 2 University
  of California, University of Utah, and Stanford
  Research Institute.

The Internet is Born!!!!
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Important Connection

• 1970, Xerox created PARC (Palo Alto Research
  Center)
• They work closely with the Stanford Research
  Institute

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ARPAnet was for Military...
First public demonstration of ARPAnet was in 1972.
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Ethernet

• 1973 Bob Metcalfes Ph.D. thesis outlined the
  concept of Ethernet.
• Ethernet A way to connect computers.
• The idea was tested on PARCs Alto computers.
• With the growing number of computers, more and
  more intranets were being formed.

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Where we are...
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TCP/IP

• ARPAnet computers needed a better way to talk to
  one another. In 1974 the design specs for a new
  protocol -- way for computers to talk to one
  another -- were released.
• In 1982 TCP/IP became the ARPAnet standard.

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TCP/IP?

• One of the earliest definitions of an internet
  group of networks that connect using TCP/IP
  protocol.
• TCP/IP is a way to send information in packets.
• IP considers all computers equals.
• As ARPAnet switched to TCP/IP, more and more
  networks connected to ARPAnet. ARPAnet became
  THE Internet

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MUD

• No graphics on the Internet yet --
• To play a game, you would see this

gtYou are looking down a branching passageway. A
door is to your right. The monster is about 6
feet straight ahead gt
gt \ \ D gt
\ U
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DNS

• 1983 Domain Name System is introduced first
  Name Server is created.
• Now you can type a name for a computer you want
  to connect to
• You dont have to know its IP address
• schoolnet instead of 10.2.20.252

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NSF Speeds Things Up

• 1987 -- 10,000 hosts on the Internet
• Traffic is getting bad -- increasing of
  workstations vs. time-sharing university machines
  more hosts on the network.
• National Science Foundation decides to set up 5
  supercomputers for researchers
• Planned to send receive programs results via
  ARPAnet.

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• Politics bugs got in the way.
• NSF built its own FASTER network -- NSFNET, with
  a faster backbone.
• Intermediate networks of ARPAnet sites were
  formed to connect to the high-speed (56 Kbps)
  backbone.
• Commercial Non-profit Network Service Providers
  were formed to handle the connections to the
  backbone.
• In 1988 they upgraded the 56 Kbps to a T1 circuit.

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ARPAnet --gt NSFNET

• 1989 hosts broke 100,000 (10-fold in 2
  years!)
• 1990 So many computers had switched to NSFNET
  that ARPAnet ceased to exist.
• Early 1990s, NSFNET upgraded to T3 circuits
  became the primary Internet backbone.

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(Example of) The Internet Structure 1988
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Still NO Graphics on the Internet!

• People used ARCHIE (ARCHIvE) servers to search
  for filenames.
• (Veronica was the upgraded version, and Jughead
  came later.)
• Gopher servers also listed files descriptions,
  and you could use them to read the news on a
  usenet.

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WWW is NOT the Internet!!!

• Hypertext -- words you click to go somewhere else
• Described in 1970 by Ted Nelson
• Worked at Stanford Research Institute
• Needed much more memory better screens.
• Project Xanadu was one of many that tried to make
  a clickable connection of computers...

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WWW is NOT a Browser!

• WWW was introduced in 1991 by CERN
• World Wide Web -- A concept of interconnected
  computers in the form of a web, instead of one
  computer connecting to one other computer to use
  its resources.
• No one could really use it...

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WWW!!!

• By 1992, the of Internet hosts had reached 1
  Million!
• In 1993, a browser called MOSAIC was invented
  by Marc Anderson Eric Bina at the University of
  Illinois.
• Finally!!! A way to click from one graphical
  page to another!!! (Hit Return)
• WWW Growth Rate 341,634 in that year!!!

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MOSAIC (

• All those graphics made it REALLY slow.
• Remember, people are working with x386s, with
  maybe 16K RAM. And definitely no VRAM.
• Whats the use of being able to easily connect
  to a different site if there arent that many
  sites out there???

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NETSCAPE!!!!

• 1994 was the 25th anniversary of the Internet.
• Several commercial companies had licensed the
  MOSAIC code hired away the programmers.
• That year, Marc Anderson James Clark (Silicon
  Graphics) released Netscape Navigator.

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Hypertext is what defines WWW,
but it was the Browser software that made it
Explode!!!!!
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1995

• May 23, JAVA was released
• Real Audio began broadcasting live audio via the
  Internet
• Commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
  took control of the major backbones, continuing
  the expansion. (MCI, SPRINT, UUNET)

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The Internet is too crowded now...

• In 1991, Sen. Al Gore sponsored the
  High-Performance Computing Act, to create a fast
  network for schools to use.
• The NSFNET is now NREN--National Research and
  Education Network.
• Universities/Research Labs are unhappy with slow
  Internet speeds from all the traffic.
• Theyre putting together the Internet2.

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Cable Phone are Now One.

• Recent changes in the laws allow companies to
  overlap services.
• One company can offer long-distance local
  phone, cable TV, and Internet access.
• This is an attempt to stimulate growth of the
  networking infrastructure into YOUR home.
• !!Media ONE!!

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The End