ASPECTS OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MOST RELEVANT TO AFRICAS DEVELOPMENT WITH REFERENCE TO NIGER

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ASPECTS OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MOST
RELEVANT TO AFRICAS DEVELOPMENT WITH REFERENCE
TO NIGERIAS SPACE PROGRAMME ByDr. J. O.
AkinyedeNational Space Research and Development
Agency (NASRDA) Abuja, NigeriaPaper presented
AtThe First African Leadership Conference on
SpaceScience and Technology for Sustainable
Development23rd 25th November, 2005Ladi
Kwali Hall, Sheraton Hotels Towers,Abuja,
Nigeria
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

• Introduction
• Definition of National Space Policy and
  Programmes
• National Space Programme Implementation
• Short Term Programmes
• Micro-satellites for Earth observation
  Technology Acquisition Nigeriasat-1 Project
• African Resource and Environmental
  Management Satellite /NigeriaSat-2 Project
• Communication satellite acquisition
  NigComsat-1 Project
• Establishment of Multi-source Ground
  Receiving Station
• Space Application Support For Sustainable
  Development
• Use and Application of Global Navigation
  Satellite System (GNSS)
• Earth Observation for Weather Forecasting
• Search and Rescue Satellite Programme

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE Contd.

• National Space Programme Implementation (Contd.)
• Long Term Space Mission Programmes
• Objectives of The Space Mission
• Development of Allied/Supporting Industries
• Launch of Indigenous Satellite
• Development of National Geospatial Data
  Infrastructure
• Building Capability in Space Geodesy and
  Geodynamics for Disaster Early Warning
• Public Awareness and Capacity Building in Space
  Science and Technology
• Bilateral and International Cooperation
• Funding Options for National Space Programmes
• Conclusion/Recommendations

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1. INTRODUCTION

• Children of the World, including African
  children, spoke at
• the 2002 WSSD in Johannesburg
• That
• The future belongs to them
• And that
• We should ensure that they
  will inherit a world free of the
• indignity and indecency
  occasioned by poverty,
• environmental degradation, and
  patterns of unsustainable
• production, consumption and
  development

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INTRODUCTION (Contd.)
CHALLENGES FACING AFRICA

• Preservation of Fundamental Life Support Systems
• Air, Water and Food or Agricultural resources
• Wholesome Environment, Shelter, and Access to
  Health Education
• Some key natural disasters facing Africa
• - Coastal and River Flooding and Erosion
• - Uncoordinated Irrigation Schemes
• - Harmatan and Sand Storms
• - Droughts, Desertification Deforestation
• - Land Degradation
• - Gully Erosion
• - Forest fire
• We should therefore embark on initiatives
• and develop agenda to address these problems

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INTRODUCTION Contd.

• Responsibilities Resting on Africa
• Advance Strengthen Pillars of Sustainable
  Development economic development, social
  development and environmental protection
• Advancements should be at local, national
  regional levels and linkage with global community
• Decisions on targets based on timetables and
  partnerships with strong regional integration

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INTRODUCTION Contd.

• Responsibilities Resting on Africa
• Speedily increase access to such basic
  requirements as clean water, sanitation, adequate
  shelter, energy, health care, food security and
  the protection of biodiversity.
• Integrate measures to prevent/combat and also
  reduce risk of disasters
• Collaborate and assist towards gaining access to
  financial resources, benefit from the opening of
  markets, ensure capacity-building in science and
  technology and use modern technology to bring
  about sustainable development.

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INTRODUCTION Contd.

• Space Technology has revolutionized the course of
  socio-economic development in many societies of
  the world
• Satellites are the new eyes to see the world!
• Will help Improve Food, Drinking water, and the
  Air we breathe

• Promises aid in averting
• Flooding
• Famine
• Fire etc
• May be used to find
• New Natural resources
• Lost cities

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Space Technology as Pre-requisite for Meeting
The Challenges

• Earth observation satellites for remote sensing
  of the Earth
• and weather forecast
• Communication satellites provide ICT backbone
• Global Navigation Satellite System for time,
  position and altitude determination
• Search and rescue satellites for air and marine
  transportation disaster management
• Satellites for scientific research and
  discoveries
• These can help in
• implementation of the recommendations arising
  from WSSD, UNISPACE III, NEPADs initiatives,
  Millennium Development Goals, Hyogo Framework of
  Action, etc,
• determining initiatives and monitoring the
  indicators of sustainable development

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• Application Areas of Space Technology
• resource (air, water, agriculture, soil,
  forestry, minerals, etc) development and
  management
• health-care delivery
• defence and security
• communication
• tourism
• demography
• transportation
• environmental and disaster management
• etc.

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2. DEFINITION OF NATIONAL SPACE POLICY AND
PROGRAMMES

• Space Technology continues to dictate pace of
  development and military strength of a nation and
  reflects the comprehensive power of a nation
• A major driving force behind economies and
  securities of nations like USA, China and India
• Imperative for Africa to embrace Space science
  and technology
• Africa needs to develop well articulated policy
  to maximize benefits of space science and
  technology

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NIGERIAN SPACE POLICY Policy Statements
Nigeria shall vigorously pursue the attainment
of space capabilities as an essential tool for
its socio-economic development and the
enhancement of the quality of life of its people.
The Nation shall achieve this through research ,
rigorous education, engineering development,
design and manufacture of appropriate hardware
and software in space technology, including
transport and payloads, such as satellite ,
telescopes and antennas for scientific research
and applications.   Government shall also foster
Bi-lateral and international cooperation in all
aspects of Space Science and Technology to ensure
that Nigerian Scientists and Engineers benefit
from global developments in the space enterprise.
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NIGERIAN SPACE POLICY Vision to venture into
space dates back 1971 NASRDA ESTABLISHED IN
1999 Space Policy and Programme Approved in
2001 National Space Council chaired by Mr.
President. Technical Advisory
Committee International Cooperation Committee
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• NIGERIAN SPACE POLICY
• Programme Implementation Strategy
• NASRDA Development Centres
• Centre for Basic Space Science and Astronomy,
  Nsukka
• Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos
• Centre for Satellite Technology Development ,
  Abuja
• Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro
• Centre for Space Transport and Propulsion, Epe
• Centre for Space Science and Technology
  Education, Ile-ife
• Establishment of other relevant Agencies such as
  National Meteorological Agencies (NIMET),
  National Emergency Management Agencies (NEMA),
  etc.

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3. NATIONAL SPACE PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION

• The vision of Nigeria and Africa is to attain
  competence and capabilities in relevant areas of
  space science and technology that would impact on
  sustainable socio-economic development and
  improve the quality of life of Nigerians and
  Africans, and to make Africa pro-active and also
  compete in space exploration.
• Therefore, the preparation of the national space
  policy and a 30 years space mission by Nigerian
  experts is in the right direction.

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NATIONAL SPACE PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION (Contd.)

• 3.1. Short Term Programmes
• Objectives
• Access to real-time and affordable Earth
  Observation data, (meteorology and remote
  sensing), for weather forecast, resources
  inventory and environmental and disaster
  management, through either direct purchase of
  images from existing satellites or the
  development of (a) Earth observation satellite
  and (b) low cost ground receiving station.
• Access to affordable satellite communication
  back-bone, such as the on-going NigcomSat-1
  project and Rascom, and infrastructure to meet
  the need for ICT - based investment/business
  opportunities and socio-economic development.

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NATIONAL SPACE PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION (Contd.)

• Short Term Programmes
• Acquire indigenous capability for the above
  through appropriate on-the-job training or
  hands-on-tool experience and know-how-technology
  transfer and capacity building and education.
• Acquire capacity to process satellite images and
  utilize space-derived data and GIS technology for
  socio-economic development.
• Meet core challenges of NEPAD in the areas of
  desertification and disaster management, food
  security, health, infrastructure, land use,
  safety and security, and water resources
  management and other national priorities.

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
3.11. NIGERIASAT-1 PROJECT

• Technical Features
• NigeriaSat-1 is an Earth-Observation
  micro-satellite
• Orbit - Circular, 686km altitude, sun-synchronous
  orbit
• 600km swath width,
• 3-band multi-spectral,
• Pushbroom scanning
• Weight -100kg spacecraft
• Life Span designed for 5 years (minimum)
• Imaging payload
• 32m GSD (ground sampling distance / resolution)
• 0.52-0.62 (Green), 0.63-0.69 (Red), 0.76-0.9
  (NIR)
• On-board data storage
• 2 x 0.5Gbyte SSDR to support imaging activities
• Store and Forward communications
• 3.7 m parabolic dish ground station
• Launched into orbit on 27TH September, 2003

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
NIGERIASAT-1 PROJECT
TECHNICAL CONFIGURATION
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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
NIGERIASAT-1 PROJECT

• NigeriaSat-1 Part of Disaster Monitoring
  Constellation (DMC) Satellites
• Disaster Monitoring Constellation is an
  International collaboration between 5 countries
• Nigeria, Algeria, Turkey, United Kingdom, and
  China
• To address the need for daily revisit and global
  coverage using EO (Earth Observation) satellites
  to monitor natural disasters
• The five satellite owners have established a
  DMCII Consortium to derive maximum mutual
  benefits through exchange of their DMC satellites
  resources daily for monitoring of disasters and
  other dynamic phenomena.
• NigeriaSat-1 has the advantages of Frequent
  revisits and being locally available and free of
  foreign exchange transaction problems
• Has been providing services which have greatly
  improved the response time to aid -environmental
  monitoring and the management and mitigation of
  disasters wherever and whenever they occur.

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
NIGERIASAT-1 PROJECT

• NigeriaSat-1 Project Implementation
• NigeriaSat-1 Data validation
• Research Projects on Resource Inventory,
  Environmental Management and Monitoring, Urban
  Sprawl, Tourism and Transportation
• Over 100 Nigeriasat-1 image requests for various
  research and developmental programmes met
• Data provision for management of disasters
  globally e.g. Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina
  disasters in South East Asia and New Orleans, USA
  respectively

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
NIGERIASAT-1 PROJECT

• Nigeria Data Policy will be made more accessible
  and robust for African User Community through
• NEPAD Policy for African regional integration
  and cooperation
• Joint Ventures, including training programmes
• Contribution of 5 of DMC data to global
  management of disasters
• Collaboration of Nigeria and Algeria with other
  African countries will facilitate access to the
  services of the International Charter Space and
  Major Disaster in the event of any disaster the
  DMC joined the Charter on 15th Nov, 2005.

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
3.12. AFRICAN RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT SATELLITES(ARM)/NIGERIASAT-2 PROJECT

• Project Objectives
• A joint satellite programme proposed by South
  Africa and supported by, Nigeria, Algeria and
  Kenya and still open to any other interested
  country in Africa
• It would form the cornerstone of the African
  Resource Management (ARM) Constellation
  satellites, to make African user community have
  access to real-time, unrestricted and affordable
  satellite data, thereby ensuring effective
  resource and environmental management in Africa.
• The countries involved would collaborate in
  building capacity to support and transfer space
  technology, building forth on the existing
  indigenous knowledge
• Participating counties to agree on modality for
  the building and launching of the satellites and
  coordination of the constellation
• High-resolution payload with a 2.5 meters
  resolution in panchromatic mode and a 5m
  resolution in 6 multi-spectral bands.
• Operate in constellation and will be accessed
  through the integration of the individual
  low-cost ground stations.

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
AFRICAN RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SATELLITES (ARM)/NIGERIASAT-2 PROJECT

• Benefits to Nigeria and Africa
• Infrastructure Mapping, Water Resources
  Development Management
• Agriculture and Land Use yield prediction,
  precision farming
• Non-renewable energy resource exploration
• Renewable natural resources protection
• Wide life habitat management
• Health Hazard Monitoring/vector disease mapping
• Disaster Mitigation and Management

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
3.13. NIGCOMSAT-1 PROJECT

• Project Objective
• To enhance increase in telecommunication growth
  rate to an annual minimum of 13.5 such that 10
  of the rural communities is served in the short
  term, 30 in medium term and 60 in the long
  term.
• To enhance the affordability of communication
  services
• To provide a critical ICT infrastructure needed
  to leapfrog Africa into the Information age.
• To enhance the capabilities of Nigerian
  engineers and scientist in the design,
  manufacture, operation and maintenance of
  communication satellites through strategic
  partnership with technical partners.
• To provide a platform for operation of a public
  services telecommunication networks in Africa
  providing linkages to educational institutions,
  regional organizations, and government in Africa,
  to facilitate developmental activities.
• To provide the backbone for tele-education and
  telemedicine thereby conserving and optimizing
  expenditure on duplication of infrastructure
  while bringing this services to the rural
  communities.

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
NIGCOMSAT-1 PROJECT (Contd.)

• The government of Nigeria has signed a contract
  with China Great Wall Industrial Corporation for
  the implementation of a Nigerian Communication
  Satellite (NigcomSat-1) project.
• The project is intended to provide the bandwidth
  requirement to address the various aspects of
  communication needs of Nigeria and Africa.
• The satellite will operate in C, Ku, Ka and L
  bands with 40 trasponsiders and Africa , part of
  Middle East and Europe as foot prints.
• It will be launched in the first quarter of 2007.

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
3.14. Establishment of Multi-source Ground
Receiving Stations

• THE NEED
• Increasing number of operating remote sensing,
  particularly from low-high resolution satellites,
  and the increasing need for satellite data to
  develop and manage resources and environment
• Increase in demand for regular and real-time
  data for weather forecast and climate change
  prediction
• The establishment of low-cost facilities to
  receive, process and archive data from remote
  sensing and meteorological satellites would
  provide a more accessible and economic
  alternative to the building and launching of
  micro-satellites by the less-privileged
  countries.

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Establishment of A Multi-source Ground Receiving
Station

• Will ensure sustainable data reception from an
  array of satellites in space, e.g. AVHRR, the
  GOES satellites, RadarSat, AlSat-1 and
  NigeriaSat-1, etc, depending on the purpose and
  use of the data.
• Availability of Low-cost software packages which
  can turn out IBM PC into a ground station for
  down loading data from GOES and METEOSAT. e. g.
  NIMET has established automatic weather station
  in many parts of Nigeria for weather data
  reception and services
• Proposal to make the ARM satellite accessible to
  many African countries is being discussed which
  include the design of low cost facilities for
  data access and optimum interactive ground
  stations

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Some of the Current and Future Tools for
Understanding the Earth and its Life Support
Systems
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Technical specifications of some satellites
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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
3.15. Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)

• Sustainable Development is hinged on access to
• real-time and reliable Earth observation data
• voice and other information from satellite
  communication
• Information will be available in different
  formats e.g.
• Thematic maps
• Digital image maps
• Databases
• Television and radio broadcasting
• Telephone data communication
• Internet backbone
• TWO MAJOR AREAS ARE CONSIDERED
• - Geo-information acquisition for planning
  decision-making
• - Information communication for human development
  and poverty alleviation

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)

• Geo-information Acquisition for Planning and
  Decision-making
• Based on quality and accurate information on
  natural resources, atmospheric observations,
  anthropogenic and human elements that threaten
  the life support systems of planet earth.
• Source of such reliable geo-information is space
  technology
• To meet geo-information needs in many sectors of
  the economy, such as infrastructural development,
  water resources, agriculture and land use,
  energy, health and environmental and disaster
  management.

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RS AND GIS SOLUTION TO GEO-INFORMATION
ACQUISITION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Source of data acquisition for a GIS
• Digitizing from paper maps
• Scanning
• Traditional surveying techniques
• Paper records field notes

• Photogrammetry
• Satellites e. g. Remote sensing,
• GPS and others

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• Space Technology as a Major Source of Geo-
• information Acquisition
• Space acquired data now widely available
• in both low and high resolution formats
• Used globally to address sustainable
• development problems
• Production of relevant maps and databases on the
  state of every aspect of our life support
  systems.
• GIS a major tool

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)
APPLICATION EXAMPLES
Unplanned/Uncontrolled Land uses and Urban
Development e.g. Lagos, 1962-2000
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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)
APPLICATION EXAMPLES (Contd.)
Rainfall Measurement from Satellite Data
June
July
August
MeteoSat-TIR estimate of rainfall in West Africa
from June August 1997
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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)
APPLICATION EXAMPLES (Contd.)
Environmental Management and Monitoring of Wild
Life Habitat
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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)
APPLICATION EXAMPLES (Contd.)
Effluents from Domestic and Industrial Wastes
with impact on Marine Ecosystem
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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)
APPLICATION EXAMPLES (Contd.)
Oil Spill Monitoring - NigeriaA Case Study off
the Nigerian Coastline
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NigeriaSat-1/Landsat Data Applications Potentials
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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)

• Information Communication for Human Development
  and Poverty Alleviation
• Provision of the necessary Information
  Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructures
• Africa, with 12 of the total world population,
  has less than 2 of the worlds telephone lines
• Tariffs on communication is highest in Africa
  than any other continent of the world
• Improvements on rural telephony

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)

• Justification for the Provision of ICT
  Infrastructure in Africa
• Eliminate the capital flow of about 445
  million/year paid by African countries for
  international telephone traffic
• To improve tele-density which is below 1 as
  per ITUs WorldTel initiative
• Enhancement of Democracy and Good Governance
• Enhancement of Education and Health
  Tele-medicine, Tele-education

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Space Application Support for Sustainable
Development (SASSD)

• Elements of the Application of the Nigerian
  Communication Satellite in Nigeria and Africa
• To provide a platform for the operation of
  public services telecommunication networks in
  Africa, with linkages to educational
  institutions, regional organizations, and
  government in Africa, to facilitate developmental
  activities.
• To provide enabling environment for African ICT
  business industry to have a fair share of the
  World telecommunication market currently
  projected to hit 110 billion dollars by the year
  2010.
• To provide a platform for community and regional
  integration through social and cultural
  dissemination, promoting peace and stability in
  the Africa region.

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)

• 3.16. Use and Application of Global Navigation
  Satellite System
• (GNSS)
• GNSS is a positioning and timing system-based
  space technology
• One of the most promising space application
  tools
• EXISTING/UPCOMINGS SYSTEMS
• USAs 24 Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)
  System
• Russias 24 Global Navigation Satellite System
  (GLONASS)
• European Unions GALLILEO to be launched in 2008
• Nigerian Communication Satellite, Nigcomsat-1
  with two navigation payloads (for augmentations)

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Use and Application of Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS)

• GNSS APPLICATION AREAS
• Aviation,
• Disaster management,
• Environmental monitoring,
• Survey and Geomatics,
• Precision Agriculture,
• Civil and Defence Surveillance,
• Disease Vector Mapping,
• Transportation,
• Site Specific/Location-related project.

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
3.17. Earth Observation for Weather Forecast and
Related Phenomena

• Metrological Satellites are essential for
  better
• understanding of the
• Atmosphere, Ozone Depletion, Global Warming
• Atmospheric and Water Pollution, Floods,
  Droughts
• Land Degradation, Management of Natural
  Resources
• Freshwater availability, Agricultural services
• Hazardous wastes disposal and disaster
  management
• Improved Weather and Rainfall Prediction
• Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership
  (IGOS-P)
• World Weather Watch Global Observing System
  (WWW-GOS)
• Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW)
• World Hydrological Cycle Observing System
  (WHYCOS)
• Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
• Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS)

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Earth Observation for Weather Forecast and
Related Phenomena (2)

• Implications of Meteorological and Earth
  Observations
• Systems to Sustainable Development (Obasi,
  19..)
• Provision of increasingly beneficial weather,
  water, climate and
• related environmental services to the public
• Delivery of accurate and reliable data and
  warnings of severe
• events related to weather, water, climate and
  natural
• environment
• Enhanced relationship between Meteorological
  factors and the
• quality of agricultural output
• Management of Freshwater resources
• Servicing the aviation and Marine Navigation
• Managing safe communities in urban areas as well
  as Marine
• ecosystems to redress pollution and loss of
  biodiversity

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
Earth Observation for Weather Forecast and
Related Phenomena (3)

• Examples of Global initiatives for Africa
• GOOS to establish Regional Ocean Observing and
  Forecasting
• System for Africa (ROOFS Africa) a UNESCO
  Cross-cutting
• project.
• Meteosat Second Generation (MSG.1) to beam down
  sharp images of
• the changing weather in Africa, WITH
  ASSOCIATED PROGRAMMES
• What should Africa Do?
• Awareness Campaign on the usefulness of weather
  observations
• and environmental data services
• Establishment of National Meteorological
  Services Agency in each country
• Linkage and Cooperation with the Integrated
  Global Observing
• Strategy Partnership (IGOS-P) and other
  related initiatives
• Establishment of Ground Receiving Stations for
  weather data acquisition

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
3.18. Search and Rescue Satellite Programme

• Application of Satellite Technology in the
  aviation and marine transportation sector
• For prompt location and rescue of victims of air
  and marine transportation disasters
• Comprises of dedicated number of Satellites
  equipped with GPS and Communications devices

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Short Term Programmes (Contd.)
COSPAS-SARSAT Programme

• Appropriate beacons carried on ships and
  aircrafts send signals to satellites during
  emergency or distress alerts
• Network of Mission Control Centres are located
  around the world for distributing the alert
  distress data with respect to the location of
  accident
• The Abuja Search and Rescue satellite mission
  control centre is managed by National Emergency
  Management Agency (NEMA)

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NATIONAL SPACE PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION (Contd.)
3.2. Long Term Space Mission and Programmes

• Road Map for Nigerias Space Mission
• Geared towards indigenous competence and the
  realization of Nigerias Space Technology Vision
  to be a master of the technology and key player
  in the field
• Consolidate on achievements of the short-term
  programmes through previous technology
  acquisition
• Attain competence in all areas of Space
  Technology

52
Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)

• 3.21. Policy Definition and Objectives of the
  Space Mission
• Definition of policy with clear-cut
  objectives
• To produce a Nigerian manufactured satellite in
  Nigeria by Nigerians
• To produce a launch vehicle made in Nigeria by
  Nigerians
• To Launch a Nigerian-manufactured satellite from
  a launch site in Nigeria
• To produce the first and subsequent Nigerian
  Astronauts
• To be part of the global efforts in utilizing
  the space environment for micro-gravity
  experiment for the benefit of humanity.

53
Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)

• Requirements For Implementation
• Political Will
• Sustainable Funding
• Institutional Framework
• Relevant Infrastructure
• Satellite Education at all levels,
• Capacity Building,
• Allied Industries
• Bilateral and International Collaborations

54
Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)

• 3.22. Development of Allied/Supporting Industries
• National Space Programme can be sustained if
  local allied/supporting industries are available
• Provision of raw materials and components that
  are crucial for manufacturing, research and
  developments.
• Examples of required Industries
• battery manufacturing
• aluminum smelting
• software development
• micro-electronics development
• steel rolling mills development
• petrochemicals
• machine tools

55
Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)

• Areas Of Collaboration In Achieving Set
  Objectives
• Space Agencies and Industries In Africa and
  other Agencies or countries such as
• National Aeronautic and Space Administration
  (NASA)
• Russian Space Agency (RSA)
• European Space Agency (ESA)
• Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
• Japanese Space Agency (JAXA)
• NASA jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
• Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
• China Great Wall Industries Corporation
• etc.

56
Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)

• 3.23. Launch of Indigenous Satellite in Nigeria
  Using Indigenous Launch Vehicle
• Embedded in Space transport and propulsion
  programmes
• Procurement of components
• Assembly of components
• Manufacture of components and equipment
• Professional and Technical Services
• Purchase and design of rocket models
• Development of Flight Safety technology

57
Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)

• Launch of Indigenous Satellite in Nigeria Using
  Indigenous Launch Vehicle
• Requirements
• Infrastructure Development e.g. Laboratories,
  Control Rooms, Launch Pads etc.
• Inventory of existing materials and resources
• Capacity building and human resources
  development
• Collaboration with relevant international
  community

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Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)
3.24. Development Of National Geospatial Data
Infrastructure
THE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR
AFRICA (UNECA), THROUGH CODI, CONSIDERS THE
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE (NSDI) MANDATORY FOR ALL AFRICAN
COUNTRIES. NSDI Technology is THE TECHNOLOGY,
POLICIES, STANDARDS, AND INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS NECESSARY TO ACQUIRE, PROCESS,
STORE, DISTRIBUTE, AND IMPROVE THE UTILIZATION OF
GEOSPATIAL DATA FROM MANY DIFFERENT SOURCES AND
FOR A WIDE GROUP OF POTENTIAL USERS (GROOT,
1998)
59
Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)
Development Of National Geospatial Data
Infrastructure

• Potential Benefits
• The knowledge and understanding of the quantum
  and spread of our natural resources to enable
  their sustainable exploitation and allocation, as
  well as our environment and socio-economic
  development opportunities
• The optimization of the productive level of our
  human and natural resources
• Enhance our communication capacity and place our
  country at comparative advantage to attract
  foreign investment
• Direct development to meet maximum needs at
  lowest environmental cost
• Greater transparency and accountability at the
  national level as well as spatial aspects of
  governance
• Capacity for emergency response to famine, food
  scarcity, poverty and disease outbreaks

60
Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)
Development of National Geospatial Data
Infrastructure (NGDI) STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL ISSUES
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Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)
Development Of National Geospatial Data
Infrastructure

• ADMONITION
• FOR AFRICA TO BENEFIT FROM THE GDI INITIATIVES,
  AND IF GEOSPATIAL DATA ARE TO BE PROPERLY
  INVENTORIZED, CATALOGUED, DOCUMENTED,
  STANDARDIZED, UPDATED AND SHARED WITHOUT
  RESTRICTIONS INDEFINITELY, IT BOILS DOWN TO
• POLITICAL WILL!
• POLITICAL WILL!!
• POLITICAL WILL!!!
• DEVELOPMENT OF A GDI SHOULD BE A VOLUNTARY AND
  MUST HAVE A LONG-TERM VISION
• THERE IS NO GUARANTEE THAT THE TECHNOLOGY IS
  GOING TO BENEFIT SOCIETY UNLESS THERE IS A
  POLITICAL WILL AT THE HIGHEST ECHELON OF
  GOVERNMENTS FULLY COMMITTED TO
• TAKE THE INITIATIVE AS ITS OWN AND INVOLVE ITS
  CITIZEN
• INVEST MONEY (PARTIALLY OR FULLY)
• ENACT POLICY/LEGISLATION/ETC. TO ENFORCE GDI
  ACTIVITIES
• SHARE GI DATA

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Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)
3.25. Building Capability in Space Geodesy and
Geodynamics for Disaster Early Warning

• Nigeria established the Centre for Geodesy and
  Geodynamics to meet sustainable development
  challenges, particularly in the areas of disaster
  early warning and management
• The programmes of the Centre include
• Surveying and Mapping
• Natural and Man-made Hazard Monitoring and
  Management
• Crustal Deformation Monitoring
• Coastal Subsidence Research/Monitoring
• floods
• Global Mean Sea Level monitoring.

63
Long Term Space Mission and Programme (Contd.)
Building Capability in Space Geodesy and
Geodynamics for Disaster Early Warning

• Requisite Facilities and Fundamentals for the
  implementation of the Centres programmes
  include
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR)
• Very Long Baseline Inter-ferrometry (VLBI)
• Participation in other relevant global
  monitoring systems
• Capacity to utilize monitoring systems and
  collaboration with South Africa
• Suitable site selected for the establishment of
  the Centre observatory in Nigeria

64
4. PUBLIC AWARENESS AND CAPACITY BUILDING IN
SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• Awareness Creation is necessary at all levels of
  Education
• Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Institutions,
  with appropriate motivations for both students
  and teachers
• Education Ministry to develop appropriate
  Curricula and interest in Basic Space Sciences
  Satellite Technology
• Strengthen Mathematics and Science subjects in
  Secondary Schools
• Strengthen African Regional Centre for Space
  Sciences and Technology Education and Centre for
  Basic Space Science
• Provide planetarium for public awareness
• Sensitize private sector for participation,
  particularly in the communication industry

65
5. BILATERAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

• COMMITTEE ON PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE
  (COPUOS) AND ITS LEGAL AND SCIENTIFIC AND
  TECHNICAL SUBCOMMITTEE WERE ESTABLISHED IN 1958
  AND 1964 RESPECTIVELY TO PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL
  COOPERATION IN SPACE ACTIVITIES
• NIGERIA BECAME A MEMBER IN 1977. Presently there
  are 14 AFRICAN COUNTRIES
• DR ADIGUN ADE ABIODUN AN AFRICAN IS THE
  CURRENT CHAIRMAN
• COPUOS PLAYS VITAL ROLES IN THE ORGANISATION OF
  UNS GLOBAL
• CONFERENCES ON THE EXPLORATION AND PEACEFUL
  USES OF OUTER SPACE
• UNISPACE III 1997 SPACE BENEFITS FOR
  HUMANITY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST
• CENTURY
• VIENNA DECLARATION 33 SPECIFIC
  ACTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS ON
• SPACE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• 11 ACTION TEAMS SET UP TO IMPLEMENT THE
  RECOMMENDATIONS
• SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION TO MAXIMIZE ITS
  BENEFITS REQUIRES THE COMMITMENT OF ALL
  STAKEHOLDERS AND POLICY MAKERS IN AFRICA

66
6. FUNDING OPTIONS FOR THE NATIONAL SPACE
PROGRAMMES

• Sustainable Funding is the bedrock for
  successful implementation of Space programmes
• Governments in Africa should take the lead in
  investing in Space Science and Technology
• Encouragements should be given to Private Sector
  participation without compromising national
  security
• Sources of funding
• Budgetary Allocation e.g. NASRDA is advocating
  for 0.2 of statutory budgetary allocation from
  oil gas revenue annually
• Taxes collected from some private sector
  companies
• Other developmental funds e.g. Petroleum
  Development Trust Fund, in Nigeria
• Encourage financial and moral support from the
  private sector and general public

67
7. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS

• Space Technology remains the driving force
  behind most developed and developing economies
  it reflects the comprehensive power of a nation
  in terms of defence and security and sustainable
  socio-economic development
• Africa should no longer sit at the mercy of
  selling or donor Agencies to consume space
  products Africa should be willing to participate
  as an active player and service provider in the
  space enterprise, and through NEPAD provide the
  platform for scientific excellence in space
  science and technology to be globally competitive
  and contribute to the development of the
  continent
• Africa is encouraged to work towards competence
  and self-reliance in all aspects of the space
  programme, particularly in the areas of
  satellites technology acquisition and
  applications in the short term and space science
  and technology education, research and
  development in the long term. The ARM initiative
  is viewed as a product towards this development
• Achieving these Objectives
• Challenges before African Scientists and
  Engineers
• Africas scientists and engineers are called
  upon to rise to the challenges of developing and
  applying the invaluable space technology to
  tackle the problems of sustainable food
  production, flood disaster, environmental
  degradation and the impact of desertification and
  deforestation on biodiversity, food and livestock
  production.

68
CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS

• Achieving Our Objectives Contd.
• Relevance of well defined policies and programmes
  as road maps
• Adequate attention and commitment should be given
  to the
• development and implementation of policies on
  science and
• technology, particularly space science and
  technology and geo-
• information that have become indispensable
  tools in any
• sustainable development effort.

69
CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS

• Achieving Our Objectives Contd.
• Mass awareness and enlightening programmes at
  various levels
• Political
• There is need for mass education and awareness
  programmes on the part of the political
  leadership and decision-makers at all levels of
  government on the role of space science and
  technology in the development process. Sufficient
  political will and support must be given to the
  space programmes in each country by the African
  leaders
• University/Polytechnic
• Greater efforts and commitment should be made
  towards capacity building by developing curricula
  in the basic space sciences and strengthening the
  relevant institutions of higher learning and
  Centres of excellence at both national and
  regional levels to support training, education,
  research and development efforts especially those
  dealing with sustainable development and
• management of natural resources and
  environment.

70
CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS

• Achieving Our Objectives Contd.
• Mass awareness and enlightening programmes at
  various levels
• Secondary School
• At the secondary school level, students
  should be educated in various atmospheric-and
  space-related activities such as balloons,
  rocketry and debates on space and society.
• General Public
• There should be greater awareness in the form
  of campaigns, public lectures, conferences and
  workshops on the concept of sustainable
  development, with particular focus on
  equitability of production and consumption
  and environmental protection, taking into account
  the unique roles and application of space
  technology.

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CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS

• Achieving Our Objectives Contd.
• Relevance of SDI development in Africa and
  active participation in COPUOS activities and
  its related programmes
• Each country in Africa, as a matter of priority
  and urgency, should respond to the call of
  UNECA to make Africa a sustainable information
  society by 2010 by establishing the necessary
  infrastructures such as NSDI and building
  capacity for all aspects of GI production,
  management and sharing, especially those related
  to affordable and reliable space-derived data
• African member states of COPUOS are called upon
  to play more active roles in the activities of
  the Committee to restore the confidence of the
  international community and their believe in the
  benefits derivable from space technology, and
  the fact that Africas renaissance and ability
  to realize the Vienna, WSSD and Millennium
  Declaration goals will best be achieved through
  the knowledge and implementation of the
  space-related activities, particularly UNISPACE
  III recommendations consequently there
• should be synergy between African regional
  efforts, such as NEPAD, and the UN Programmes of
  space application and other international
  initiatives such as the international Charter
  space and major disasters and TIGER initiative
  for water resources management in Africa.

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CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS

• Achieving Our Objectives Contd.
• Linkage with relevant global initiatives such
  as IGOS-P, ROOFS-Afria and PUMA private sector
  participation, especially in commercialisation of
  spin-offs and benefits
• Appropriate institutions and infrastructures
  should be put in place to link up with the
  various programmes of the Earth observation
  systems, such as the Integrated Global Observing
  Strategy (IGOS) and other related programmes, in
  view of their implications for food security and
  water, ecosystems, environmental and disaster
  management.
• Each country should develop and pursue its own
  programme within the limit of national resources,
  with priority and adequate funding of
  infrastructural and skilled man-power
  development however more emphasis should be
  given to regional collaboration and integration.
• There is need for cooperation and partnership
  between relevant national institutions and
  private sectors, especially industries, on
  space-related projects including the translation
  of spin-off benefits to viable commercial products

73
Thank You
We Shall Meet Again!