World Geography Chapter 1 Notes Physical Geography Looking at the Earth

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World Geography Chapter 1 NotesPhysical
GeographyLooking at the Earth

• Geography involves the study of places their
  locations, their characteristics, and how humans
  use and move around them.

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Section 1

• The Five Themes of Geography

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Geography

• Geography is the study of Earth and the ways
  people work live on it
• - It focuses on the study of the distribution
  and interaction of physical features human
  features on Earth
• Geographers people who study the earth.

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Geography

• Geographers look at
• - use of space on Earth
• - interactions that take place there
• - patterns and connections between people and
  Land

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Geography

• Geographers use a variety of tools
• - maps
• - photographs
• - charts, graphs, tables
• - scale models
• - five themes of geography

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Theme Location

• Where is it?
• Two types of location (Absolute Relative)
• Absolute Location a places precise position on
  the globe
• Latitude lines run east to west parallel to the
  equator and circle the earth (measured north and
  south from zero to 90 degrees)

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Theme Location

• Equator is zero degrees latitude and divides the
  world into two halves
• - Northern and southern hemispheres

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Theme Location

• Earth is tilted at 23 ½ degrees (tropics receive
  the most heat from the sun)
• - 23 ½ degrees south Tropic of Capricorn
• - 23 ½ degrees north Tropic of Cancer

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Theme Location

• Longitude lines or Meridians run north to south
  go over the poles
• - measured east and west from zero to 180
  degrees
• Prime Meridian is zero degrees longitude
• - Divides the world into Eastern Western
  hemispheres
• - It runs through Greenwich, England
• Longitude Latitude Lines Intersect to form a
  Grid System

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Theme Location

• Relative Location - where something is in
  relation to other places
• - How we give directions

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Theme Place

• What is it Like?
• Place includes physical features and cultural
  characteristics
• - physical features include climate, landforms,
  vegetation
• - cultural characteristics include dams,
  highways, houses customs, religions, foods,
  activities that take place there

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Theme Region

• How are Places Similar or Different?
• A region is an area united by similar
  characteristics
• Unifying characteristicsphysical, political,
  economic, cultural
• Three types of regions
• - formal
• - functional
• - perceptual

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Theme Region

• Formal Regions - Defined by a limited number of
  related characteristics
• Formal regions of the world
• - The United States and Canada
• - Latin America
• - Europe
• - Russia and the Republics
• - Africa
• - Southwest Asia
• - South Asia
• - East Asia
• - Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica

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Theme Region

• Functional Regions - Organized around
  interactions and connections between places
• - Example a city and its suburbs are connected
  through human movement
• Perceptual Regions - Region with characteristics
  people perceive in much the same way
• - Example the American Midwest
• - Sometimes perceptions differ Does Midwest
  begin in Ohio or Illinois?

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Theme Human-Environment Interaction

• How Do People Relate to the Physical World?
• A relationship exists between people and their
  environment
• People use and change the environment to meet
  their needs
• People adapt to environmental conditions they
  cannot change
• Often, people in similar environments adapt in
  different ways
• - Using hot climates near water for recreational
  activities or farming

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Theme Movement

• How Do People, Goods, and Ideas Get from One
  Place to Another?
• The movement of goods, information, and ideas
• Geographers use three types of distance to
  analyze movement
• - linear distance, time distance,
  psychological distance

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Theme Movement

• Linear distance - how far a person, product, or
  idea travels
• Time distance -how long it takes for person,
  product, idea to travel
• Psychological Distance - Refers to the way people
  perceive distance
• - Example unfamiliar places may seem farther
  away than familiar ones
• Interdependent - where people rely on each other
  for goods, services , and ideas

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Section 2

• The Geographers Tools

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Maps and Globes

• Geographers tools include maps, globes, data
  that can be displayed in a variety of ways
• Oldest known map Babylonian clay tablet, circa
  500 B.C.
• Maps show locations of places, landforms, bodies
  of water

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Two or Three Dimensions

• Globea three-dimensional representation (a
  sphere) of Earth
• Most accurate replication of Earth
• Globes can show the "Great Circle Route" - the
  shortest distance between any two points on the
  earth's surface

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Two or Three Dimensions

• Mapa two-dimensional graphic representation of
  Earths surface
• Cartographer (mapmaker) tries to accurately
  reflect earths surface
• Map projection way of showing Earths curved
  surface on a flat map
• Robinson
• Conical

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Parts of a Map

• Key - explains the symbol used on a map
• - Star - capital city
• - Airplane airport
• Compass Rose - shows the cardinal directions
  (north, east, west, south)
• - May also show the intermediate directions
  (northwest, northeast, southeast, southwest)
• - May only show one direction (Location of the
  other directions can be located in relation to
  the given direction)
• Scale - means that a certain measurement on a map
  represents a certain measurement on the earth's
  surface.

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Types of Maps

• Three types of maps general reference, thematic,
  navigational
• General reference maps
• - Political map - Shows the political boundaries
  of countries and often smaller units such as
  states
• - Physical map - shows the relief or difference
  in elevation or height of
• landforms in an area
• - Topographic mapshows natural and man-made
  features of earth

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Types of Maps

• Thematic map or Special Purpose map - shows
  specific data such as
• - Climate
• - Population density
• - Road maps
• - Natural resource maps

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Satellite image of Africa, Europe, Asia, and
Australia
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The Science of Mapmaking

• Surveyors observe, measure, record what they see
  in a specific area
• Remote sensing, gathering geographic data from a
  distance, includes
• - aerial photography
• - satellite imaging

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The Science of Mapmaking

• Best known satellites are Landsat and GOES
• Landsat is a series of satellites can scan
  entire planet in 16 days
• Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite
  (GOES)
• - orbits in sync with Earths rotation
• - gathers images of atmospheric conditions

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The Science of Mapmaking

• Geographic Information Systems
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a digital
  geographic database
• - Combines and displays information from many
  sources

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The Science of Mapmaking

• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• - Uses series of 24 Navstar satellites to beam
  information to Earth
• - Hand-held GPS receivers on Earth display exact
  position
• - GPS used by explorers, sailors, drivers also
  used to track animals

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Geography and Other Subjects

• Science and technology
• Geographers observe, hypothesize, and collect
  data
• They also use technological tools such as
  satellite computers and high tech Cameras
• History and Politics
• - Geographers use history to help understand how
  places looked in the past
• - Political science focuses on places boundaries
  are formed and changed
• - Natural environment affects political decisions

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Geography and Other Subjects

• Sociology and Anthropology
• - Sociology helps geographers understand
  cultures throughout the world
• - Study relationships between a places physical
  environment and its inhabitants social structure
• - Anthropology helps geographers gain insight
  into different cultures throughout the world

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Geography and Other Subjects

• Economics
• - How the location of resources affects the way
  people transport, and use goods
• - Concerned with how and where services are
  provided
• - Geographers are interested in how locations
  are chosen for farming, mining, manufacturing,
  and selling

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