Transmission Of Infectious Diseases P.H

1
University Of Luzon Graduate School Master In
Public Health Public Health Microbiologyon

• Public Health Microbiology Transmission Of
  infectious Diseases Through A Population By
  Ahmed, Habib Ahmed Dawoud

2
Introduction

• A century ago infectious diseases were by
  far the leading cause of death throughout
  the world.At present atherosclerotic heart
  disease and cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
  remain the leading causes of death
  worldwide, but as the table below shows,
  infectious diseases still remain important
  causes of death. Perhaps more importantly,
  infectious diseases remain the 1 cause of
  premature death  throughout the world because
  of a particularly heavy toll in infants
  and children.

3
(No Transcript)
4

•   A total of 1,433 people died from
  infectious diseases in China in September last
  year, with HIV/AIDS the top cause of deaths in
  China .

5

• Public health measures have accounted
  for the vast majority of reductions in
  deaths from infectious disease through
  better sanitation, cleaner water, and the
  development of vaccines. A key to this
  success has been an increasingly refined
  understanding of the mechanisms by which
  infectious agents are transmitted. An
  understanding of mechanisms of transmission
  provides opportunities for simple, effective
  measures that will prevent disease.
  Moreover, an understanding of mechanisms of
  disease transmission shows how the disease
  spread through a population and to prevent
  it.

6

• Discussion Transmission of infectious
  diseases Transmission A passage or
  transfer of a disease from one individual
  to another individual by different means

1. Horizontally Disease Transmission It
is the transmission of pathogens (Bacteria or
virus)spread to other members of the same or
different species through non-hereditary means.
7

• 2. Vertically Disease Transmission It is
  the transmission of pathogens (Bacteria or virus)
  spreads from parent to offspring genetically or
  by way of passing an infection from mother to
  child.

3. Iatrogenical Disease Transmission It
is the transmission of pathogens (Bacteria or
virus) spread through medical procedure such as
blood transfusion.
8
Routes of disease transmission Person to
person spread 1. Direct person to persona)
Sexually transmitted disease Intimate sexual
contact provides opportunities for transmission
of several types of infectious agents such as
HIV, gonorrhea, human papilloma virus etc. There
are several factors that can modify the risk,
such as viral load in the infected partner.
9

• Kissing Disease can be transmitted through
  kissing. A wide variety of viruses that cause
  upper respiratory tract infections. In addition,
  the human papilloma virus transmitted through
  kissing, particularly oral sex, and this
  contribute to the risk of oral cancers. b.)
  Prenatal mother to child transmission (PMTCT)
  There are several diseases that can be
  transmitted from mother to child inthe prenatal
  period.We could also include breastfeeding.(Vert
  ical Transmission).

10

• c.) Needle injection and sharps exposure
  There are many organisms that can be transmitted
  to health care workers in a clinical setting. We
  could also include contaminated blood products
  and shared needles among intravenous drug users.
  (Iatrogenic Transmission)

d.) Skin to skin transmission Some disease
agents can be spread by direct skin to skin
contact (Touch). However some disease agents are
probably more often spread by fomites.
e.) Human bites Human bites frequently become
infected (10-15) because of large numbers of
bacteria in saliva.
11

• 2. Indirect person to person contact a.)
  Transmission via fomites Fomites are inanimate
  objects that become contaminated with infectious
  agents and serve as a mechanism for transfer
  between hosts. b.) Air-borne Droplet nuclei
  Many diseases can be spread via respiratory
  droplets that are propelled into the air by
  sneezing or coughing.

12

• Common Vehicle Spread The term common
  vehicle spread is defined in several very
  different ways. We will use the expression to
  refer to transmission of disease via Food,
  water, drugs, blood productsand medical devices.
  

13

• Zoonosis Zoonotic disease as any disease
  or infection that is naturally transmissible from
  vertebrate animals to humans. Vector borne
  Vector is an organisms that can transmit
  infectious agents from one infected person or
  animalto another.

14

• Summary Many infectious disease can be
  transmitted by more than one mechanism. Some
  mechanisms might logically fit into more than one
  category. Infectious diseases can easily spread
  from one person to another unless you are inside
  a bubble.References http//www.brighthub.com/s
  cience/genetics/articles/45935.aspxhttp//www.can
  cerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping-with-cancer/
  coping-physically/fever/cause/infection/types-of-i
  nfections