Biology, Management, Diseases, and Uses of Sheep, Goats, and Cattle

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Biology, Management, Diseases, and Uses of Sheep,
Goats, and Cattle

• CPT Chad D. Foster
• Chief, NHP Clinical Medicine
• USAMRIID
• 26 Oct 05

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Previously Presented By

• CPT Curtis Klages Goats
• CPT Christopher Keller Sheep
• LTC Kelcin Buchanan Sheep Goats

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Purpose
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Outline

• Taxonomy
• Uses in research
• Sources/Evaluation
• Management and Husbandry
• Unique Biology
• Goat Normal Values
• Basic Nutrition
• Reproduction
• Behavior
• Diseases

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TaxonomySheep

• Order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates)
• Sub-order Ruminantia (cud chewing animals)
• Family Bovidae
• Sub-family Caprinae
• Genus and sub-genus Ovis
• Domestic sheep Ovis aries
• Subgenus Pachyceros includes the wild North
  American breeds

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BreedsSheep

• Meat
• Dorset, Columbia, Suffolk, Hampshire, Southdown,
  Border Cheviot
• Wool
• Merino, Rambouillet, Lincoln, Romney
• Hair
• Barbados
• Dual-Purpose
• Targhee, Polypay

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TerminologySheep

• Female ewe
• Intact Male ram
• Young Animal lamb
• Ewe lamb
• Ramb lamb
• Castrated Male wether
• Birthing Process lambing

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TaxonomyGoats

• Order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates)
• Sub-order Ruminantia (cud chewing animals)
• Family Bovidae
• Sub-family Caprinae
• Genus and sub-genus Capra
• Capra hircus is domestic goat originated from
  western Asian goats
• Others include
• Capra pyrenaica (Spanish goat)
• Capra ibex (Goats of the Red Sea and Caucasus
  area)
• Capra falconiere (wild goat of Afghanistan)

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BreedsGoats

• Dairy
• Nubian, Alpine, Toggenbutg, La Mancha, Saanen,
  Oberhaslie
• Fiber
• Angora, Cashmere
• Meat
• Boer, Sapel, Ma Tou, Kambling, Pygmy
• Leather
• Mubend (Uganda), Red Sokoto (West Africa)

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TerminologyGoats

• Female doe or nanny
• Intact male buck or billy
• Young goat kid or goatling
• Young male buckling
• Young female doeling
• Castrated Male wether or steer
• Birthing Process kidding

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TaxonomyCattle

• Order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates)
• Sub-order Ruminantia (cud chewing animals)
• Family Bovidae
• Subfamily Bovinae
• Genus Species
• Bos taurus (domestic cattle)
• Bos indicus (Zebu cattle)

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BreedsCattle

• Dairy
• Holstein-Fresian (most common cow used as animal
  model), Jersey, Brown Swiss, Milking Shorthorn,
  Ayrshire, Guernsey
• Beef
• Angus, Hereford, Simmental

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TerminologyCattle

• Female cow
• Intact Male bull
• Young Animal calf
• Female prior to first calf heifer
• Castrated Male steer
• Birthing Process calving

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Uses in Research

• Ruminants
• Cardiac Research
• Transplantation, cardiac assist prosthetics
• Reproductive Research
• Embryo transfer, AI, reproductive cycle control
• Genetics
• Gene transfer, cloning, nuclear transfer, genetic
  engineering
• Antibody Production
• Surgically Induced Osteopenia, Fracture repair,
  ACL reconstruction (Sheep Goats)

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Uses in Research

• Sheep Disease Models
• General
• Fetal Reproductive Research
• Circadian Rhythms related to day-length
• Interaction between olfactory cues and behavior

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Uses in Research

• Sheep Disease Models
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma (No. 252)
• Animal Ovine SCC
• Human SCC
• Congenital Goiter (No. 350)
• Animal Congenital Goiter in Merino Sheep
• Human Congenital Goiter
• Intestinal Adenocarcinoma
• Animal Adenocarcinoma of the SI of Sheep
• Human Adenocarcinoma of the Human Colon

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Uses in Research

• Sheep Disease Models
• Congenital Hyperbilirubinemia (No. 2)
• Animal Dubin-Johnson Syndrome in Corriedale
• Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
• Hepatic organic anion excretory defect
• Congenital Hyperbilirubinemia (No. 8)
• Animal Gilberts Syndrome in Southdown Sheep
• Human Gilberts Syndrome
• Hepatic organic anion uptake defect

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Uses in Research

• Sheep Disease Models
• Muscular Dystrophy (No. 51)
• Animal Congenital Progressive Ovine Muscular
  Dystrophy
• Human Muscular Dystrophy
• Immune-Mediated Arthritis (No. 418)
• Animal Lentivirus-induced arthritis of sheep
  goats (OvLV CAEV respectively)
• Human Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Uses in Research

• Sheep Disease Models
• GM1 Gangliosidosis (No. 395)
• Animal Ovine GM1 Gangliosidosis in Suffolk
• Human GM1 Gangliosidosis
• Wilsons Disease (No. 307)
• Animal Chronic (cumulative) Cu Poisoning
• Human Wilsons Disease
• Induced model

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Uses in Research

• Sheep Disease Models
• Transmissible Spongiform Encephaolopathy
• Animal Scrapie
• Human Kuru, Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD)
• Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in
  Dorsett Sheep
• Pulmonary Adenomatosis (jaagsiekte)
• Other Induced Models
• Arteriosclerosis
• Hemorrhagic shock
• Metabolic toxicosis

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Uses in Research

• Goats (General)
• Immunology
• Mastitis
• Nutrition
• Parasitology
• Vascular

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Uses in Research

• Goat Models
• Beta-Mannosidosis (No. 369)
• Animal Beta-Mannosidosis in Nubian goats
• this inbred line of Nubians also serve as models
  for therapeutic cell transplantation strategies
• Human Beta-Mannosidase Deficiency
• Congenital Myotonia
• Animal Caprine Myotonia Congenita (fainting
  goats)
• Myotonia Congenita (Thompsens Disease)

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Uses in Research

• Goat Models
• Other disease models
• Osteoporosis
• Caprine Mucoploysaccharidosis IIID (Sanfillipo
  Syndrome Type D)
• Melanoma
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Afibrinogenemia
• Hereditary Congenital Goiter
• Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (sx induced)
• Hyperimmune Serum Production

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Uses in Research

• Cattle (General)
• Permanent fistula
• ruminal fluid for research, teaching, treatment
• Infectious Diseases
• Metabolic Diseases

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Uses in Research

• Cattle Disease Models
• Tritrichomonas (Trichomonas) fetus
• Animal Bovine Trichomoniasis
• Human Trichomonis vaginalis infection
• Inherited Cardiomyopathies in Holstein-Fresian,
  Simmental-Red Holstein, Black Spotted Fresian,
  Polled Hereford with wooly coat.
• Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome

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Uses in Research

• Cattle Disease Models
• Lipofuscinosis in Ayrshires Fresians
• Glycogenesis in Shorthorns Brahmans
• Hereditary orotic aciduria in Holstein-Fresian
  Fresian cattle
• Hereditary Zinc Deficiency in Holstein-Fresian
  Fresian cattle

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Sources

• Commercial vendors
• USDA licensed dealers

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Health ScreeningSheep

• Vaccinations
• Bluetongue
• Brucella ovis
• Campylobacter spp.
• Chlamydia
• Clostridial Diseases
• Pneumonia complex
• Ovine ecthyma
• Dichelobacter nodosus
• Arcanobacterium pseudotuberculosis
• Bacillus anthracis
• Fusobacterium necrophorum

• Diseases
• Coxiella burnettii (Q fever)
• Contagious Ecthyma
• Caseous lymphadenitis
• Johnes Disease
• Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
• Internal Parasites (nasal bots, lungworms,
  intestinal worms)
• External Parasitism (sheep keds)

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Health ScreeningGoats

• Diseases
• Coxiella burnettii (Q fever)
• CAE (caprine arthritis encephalitis)
• Brucellosis
• Tuberculosis
• Johnes Disease
• Caseus lymphadenitis
• Contagious ecthyma
• Mycoplasma

• Vaccinations
• Tetanus other Clostridial diseases
• Campylobacter spp.
• Chlamydia
• Caseous lymphadenitis
• Contagious ecthyma
• E. coli
• Fusobacterium necrophorum

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Health ScreeningCattle

• Screening
• Johnes Disease
• Brucellosis
• Tuberculosis
• Respiratory Diseases
• Internal and External Parasites
• Foot Rot
• Hairy Heel Warts

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Health ScreeningCattle

• Essential Vaccinations
• Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
• Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus
• Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus
• Parainfluenza-3
• Leptospira pomona
• Tritrichomonas fetus
• Rotavirus
• Coronavirus
• Campylobacter (vibrio)
• Pasteurella haemolytica
• Pasteurella multocida
• Brucella abortus

• Other Available Vaccines
• Clostridial diseases
• Moraxella bovis
• Fusobacterium necrophorum
• Staph aureus (mastitis)
• Haemophilus somnus
• Rabies
• Tetanus
• Bacillus anthracis
• Enterotoxigenic E. coli
• Anaplasma
• Other Leptospira spp.

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Laboratory Management and Husbandry
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Laboratory Management and Husbandry

• Stress reduction in transportation, handling, and
  husbandry practices
• Floor prevent slippage support wt.
• Feeders conformed to species
• Continuous-access waterers
• Social and herding animals need to be in eyesight
  and hearing of other animals
• Single housed animals should have regular human
  contact
• Environmental enrichment governed by SOP,
  protocol, and IACUC
• Light cycle close to natural conditions
• Light intensity around 220 lux

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Unique BiologyRuminants

• Three compartment forestomach
• Rumen, reticulum, omasum
• Rumen
• Anaerobic fermentation chamber
• bacteria protozoa
• Cellulase other enzymes
• Produce volatile fatty acids (VFA) main source
  of energy
• Acetic, propionic, butyric

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Unique BiologyRuminants

• VFA absorbed in large intestine
• Unlike monogastrics
• Microorganisms also synthesizes vitamins B, K and
  provide protein
• Gases produced and eructated
• CO2, Methane, Nitrogen
• Spiral Colon
• No upper incisors

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Unique BiologyRuminants

• Immunoglobulins absorbed by pinocytosis in
  neonates and crucial to passive transfer
• Functional for the first 36 hours after
  parturition
• Neonatal ruminants are immunocompetent

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Unique BiologyRuminants

• Ruminants have fewer neutrophils then lymphocytes
• BUN cannot be used as indicator of renal function
  due to metabolism of urea by rumen microorganisms
• Can go several days w/o water before dehydration
  occurs b/c _____________
• Urine Ph is generally alkaline in adults

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Unique BiologyRuminants

• Erythrocytes are smaller than other mammals
• Hematocrits tend to be over estimated unless spun
  longer
• Increased RBC fragility
• Limited rouleaux formation - none in cattle
  limited in sheep and goats
• Sheep reported to have at least 6 different types
  of hemoglobin (in addition to fetal hemoglobin)

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Unique BiologyRuminants

• Caprine erythrocytes
• More frail in Pygmy and Toggenburg
• Lack central pallor
• Flat and lack bioconcavity
• May exhibit poikilocytosis
• 5 Blood groups (B, C, M, R-O, and X)
• Cross matching advisable but not practical
• Blood loss of up to 25 red cell mass well
  tolerated by goats (withdrawals of 10ml/kg BW
  safe)

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Basic NutritionRuminant

• Commercial feeds, pasture, hay, concentrates
• Sheep Cattle Grazers
• Goats Browsers
• Can be very selective, eating only leafy parts
  waste hay
• Tend to eat grasses, seeds, nuts, fruits, and
  woody stemmed plants
• Do not tolerate finely ground concentrates
• Do not prefer sweet feeds (except our fat
  goats)
• Make nutrition changes slowly

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Basic NutritionRuminants

• Ration high in Ca or Phos or elevated Mg may
  induce urinary calculi in male ruminants
• May also occur in grasses or pastures high in
  silicates and oxalates
• Newborns
• Passive immunity form colostrum (mostly IgG)
  usually w/in 3 hrs of birth
• Trypsin inhibitors allow passage of intact
  immunoglobulin
• Colostrum dependent on herd management practices
  (vaccinations, nutrition, parasite control)

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ReproductionSheep

• Seasonally polyestrous
• Breed fall/winter lamb in spring
• Puberty 7-8 months
• Estrus cycle 17 days
• Estrus duration 24-30 hours
• Ovulate spontaneously _at_ end
• Gestation 147-150 days
• Prolificacy varies greatly with breed
• Epitheliochorial placentation

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ReproductionGoats

• Seasonally polyestrous
• Short day breeders
• Puberty 7-10 months
• Estrus cycle 18-24 days
• Estrus duration 24-96 hours
• Ovulate late in estrus
• Gestation 145-155 days
• Does bear singletons, twins, triplets kid
  only once per year
• Epitheliochorial placentation
• Pseudopregnancy common

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ReproductionCattle

• Polyestrous
• Puberty
• 10-12 months (dairy)
• 11-15 months (beef)
• Estrus cycle 21 days
• Estrus duration 6-24 hours (avg 12-16)
• Ovulation 24-32 hrs after estrus
• Gestation 270-292 days
• Epitheliochorial placentation

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ReproductionRuminants

• Weaning
• Sheep 4-8 weeks (usually 6-8 wks)
• Goats 6-10 weeks
• Cattle
• 4-7 wks (dairy)
• 7 months (beef) beef cows tend to stay with
  their mother cows until weaning

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BehaviorSigns of stress

• Excessive vocalizations
• Bruxism
• Decreased appetite
• Decreased cud chewing
• Restlessness
• Prolonged recumbency with out stretched neck and
  head
• Hunched appearance when standing
• Limb favoring
• Rough dull hair coats

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Behavior

• Sheep
• Easily scared move slowly and gently
• Goats
• Orally investigative
• May readily chew through wooden gates or fencing
• May make sneezing noises to confront unfamiliar
  intruders
• Cattle
• Dairydocile Beefnot
• Calves non-nutritive suckling

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DiseasesBacterial

• Actinobacillosis (Wooden Tongue)
• Agent Actinobacillus lignieresii
• Animals Cattle Sheep
• Organism penetrates wounds
• Diffuse abscesses/granulomas in tissues of head
• Tongue lesions more common in cattle
• Lip lesions more common in sheep
• Soft-tissue/LN swelling with draining tracts
• Treatment
• Softer feeds
• Antibiotics sulfonamides, tetracyclines,
  ampicillin

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DiseasesBacterial

• Arcanobacterium
• Arcanobacterium bovis Lumpy Jaw
• Normal flora enters through wounds/abrasions
• Causes firm, non-painful, immovable mandibular
  mass fistulas may develop
• Tx pennicillin (or derivatives) sodium iodides
  (IV) potassium iodides (orally)
• Poor prognosis
• Arcanobacterium pyogenes (actinomycosis)
• Omphalophlebitis, omphaloarteritis, omphalitis,
  navel ill

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DiseasesBacterial

• Anthrax
• Agent Bacillus anthracis
• Animals sheep, cattle, goats
• Transmission abrupt climate changes lead to
  spore release spores ingested by grazing
  animals (sheep cattle more than goats)
• Clinical signs swelling around shoulders,
  ventral neck, and thorax bloody secretions
  death
• Prevention vaccination with Sterne-strain spore
  vaccine
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesBacterial

• Brucellosis (Bangs Disease)
• Agents
• Brucella melitensis 1o in sheep goats
• Brucella abortus 1o in cattle
• Brucella ovis
• Transmission ingestion of infected tissues
  (milk, vaginal/uterine discharges)
• Signs abortions, hygromas, swollen scrotum
• Treatment cull and slaughter
• Vaccination
• Rev 1 (sheep) not available in the U.S.
• Strain 19 (cattle) public health risk (undulant
  fever)
• RB51 official calfhood vaccine
• Zoonotic (B. melitensis is leading cause of human
  brucellosis)

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DiseasesBacterial

• Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis)
• Agent Campylobacter fetus
• Subsp. intestinalis most important cause of
  ovine abortion in the U.S.
• Transmission GI tract ? Blood Stream NOT
  venereal
• Causes abortions (last trimester), stillbirths,
  weak lambs
• Subsp. venerealis cattle only
• Transmission venereal
• Signs high return to estrus after breeding
  abortions
• Prevention bacterin
• Treatment
• Sheep penicillin, oral chlortetracycline
• Cattle intrauterine penicillin
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesBacterial

• Clostridial Infections
• C. perfringens type C (Enterotoxemia, Struck)
• Common in sheep, goats, and cattle
• Causes fatal hemorrhagic enterocolitis,
  enterotoxemia
• C. perfringens type D (Pulpy Kidney Disease)
• Disease of sheep
• sudden death
• C. chauvoei - Blackleg
• C. septicum - Malignant Edema
• C. novyi - Big Head, Black Disease
• C. hemolyticum bacillary hemoglobinuria,
  redwater
• C. tetani - Tetanus

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DiseasesBacterial

• Clostridial Infections
• Source ubiquitous in environment GI tract
  contaminated feeds
• Transmission ingestion contamination of wounds
• Prevention vaccinate (multivalent vaccine
  available)
• Treatment
• usually futile
• antibiotics
• supportive
• antitoxin for tetanus

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Diseases

• Caseous Lymphadenitis
• Common, chronic contagious infection of lymph
  nodes of sheep and goats
• Cause Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
• Prevention reject animals with lymphadenopathy
  or wounds
• Treatment antibiotics, lance and drain
  abscesses, cull animals

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DiseasesBacterial

• Corynebacterium renale group
• C. renale
• Normal inhabitant of bovine genitourinary tract
• acute pyelonephritis in cattle results from
  ascending infection following a compromise of
  protective mechanisms
• Tx penicillin (3 weeks)
• C. pilosum C. cystitidis
• Normal inhabitants of prepuce of sheep and goats
• Posthitis (pizzle rot) and vulvovaginitis
• high-protein diets increase urinary pH ammonia
  irritates prepucial and vulvar skin, increasing
  vulnerability
• Tx decrease dietary protein

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DiseasesBacterial

• Foot Rot of Sheep and Goats
• Cause Fusobacterium necrophorum (normal
  inhabitant) and Dichelobacter nodosus
  (environmental contaminant)
• Most common cause of lameness in sheep
• Prevention
• maintain dry, clean environment
• reject clinical cases at delivery
• vaccinate
• Treatment
• foot baths - 10 formalin or 10 zinc sulfate or
  10 copper sulfate
• penicillin and streptomycin
• trim affected tissue

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DiseasesBacterial

• Foot Rot of Cattle
• Cause Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides
  melaninogenicus
• Signs Acute lameness, malodor w/ little
  discharge
• Prevention
• maintain dry, clean environment
• Vaccinate
• Treatment
• foot baths 2.5 formalin or 10 zinc sulfate or
  5 copper sulfate
• penicillin and oxytetracycline
• trim affected tissue

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DiseasesBacterial

• Heel Warts (Bovine Digital Dermatitis,
  Interdigital Papillomatosis, Papillomatous
  Digital Dermatitis, Hairy Foot Warts)
• Cattle only
• Cause? Fusobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp.,
  Dichelobacter nodosus, poor facility
  management
• Lesions of haired digital skin erect hairs loss
  of hair thickened skin, painful moist plaques
  (red, gray, or black)
• Treatment antibiotics, footbaths, surgical
  debridement
• Prevention as noted for foot rot

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Diseases

• Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis (TEME)
• Agent Haemophilus somnus (also involved in BRD
  complex)
• Signs depression, ataxia, falling, conscious
  proprioceptive deficits, death within 36 hours
• Transmission respiratory secretions
• Vaccination for viral respiratory pathogens may
  predispose
• Prevention avoid vaccinating for for IBR and BVD
  during times of stress
• Treatment penicillin, oxytetracycline

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Diseases

• Mastitis
• Sheep
• Pasteurella hemolytica most common
• Goats
• Staphylococcus epidermidis most common
• Cattle
• Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., E.
  coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia
  marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma
  spp., Salmonella spp.
• Mastitis is disease of greatest economic impact
  for dairy cattle

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DiseasesBacterial

• Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (Pinkeye)
• Agent Moraxella bovis
• Cattle only
• Signs lacrimation, photophobia, blepharospasm,
  conjunctival injection, ulceration
• More severe in animals infected with IBR or who
  have recently been vaccinated for IBR
  (modified-live vacc)
• Transmission
• shed in nasal secretions
• Fomites, flies, aerosols, direct contact
• Treatment
• Topical antibiotics
• Subconjunctival injections of Pennicillin

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DiseasesBacterial

• Tuberculosis
• Cause Acid-Fast Bacteria
• Mycobacterium bovis (sheep, goats, cattle)
• Mycobacterium avium (sheep, goats)
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis (goats)
• Signs
• may be asymptomatic
• dyspnea, coughing, and pneumonia
• diarrhea, bloat, constipation
• Prevention intradermal tuberculin test, cull and
  slaughter
• Treatment None
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesBacterial

• Johnes Disease (Paratuberculosis)
• Chronic, contagious, granulomatous disease of
  adult ruminants
• Cause Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (acid-fast)
• Long incubation period
• Signs chronic wasting, pasty feces, diarrhea
• Transmission direct or indirect contact
• Prevention Test and slaughter
• Treatment None

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DiseasesBacterial

• Respiratory Disease Complex of Ruminants
• BRDC in cattle, BRD in calves, shipping fever
• Most economically important disease of beef
  cattle
• Combinations of numerous agents
• Bacterial Pasteurella haemolytica, P. multicida,
  Hemophilus somnus, Corynebacterium pyogenes
• Viral Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR).
  Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3), Bovine Respiratory
  Syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine Viral Diarrhea
  (BVD)
• Mycoplasma bovis, M. dispar

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DiseasesBacterial

• Respiratory Disease Complex of Ruminants
• Onset of disease related to stress
• Shipping, weaning, weather changes, dietary
  changes, overcrowding, shearing
• Signs nasal discharge, fever, coughing, dyspnea,
  diarrhea, depression, death
• Treatment
• Antibiotics ceftiofur, tilmicosin, florfenicol,
  oxytetracycline, tilosin
• Anti-inflammatory Banamine
• Supportive Care
• Prevention reduce stress, precondition,
  vaccinate

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DiseasesBacterial

• Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
• Cause Mycoplasma mycoides biotype F38
• Signs severe dyspnea, nasal discharge, cough,
  and fever
• High morbidity and mortality
• Transmission aerosol
• Prevention vaccinate quarantine
• Treatment Tylosin and Oxytetracycline

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DiseasesBacterial

• Q-Fever
• Highly contagious disease of sheep and goats
• Agent Coxiella burnetti - rickettsial organism
• Transmission
• Ixodid or Argasid ticks
• Ingestion of infected materials (placenta, milk,
  urine , feces, nasal secretions)
• Major cause of late abortion in sheep
• Usually asymptomatic in cattle and goats
• Treatment oxytetracycline
• Zoonotic (single organism shown to cause disease)

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DiseasesViral

• Bluetongue Virus
• Most common ulcerative disease of sheep in US
  (less common in goats and cattle)
• Cause
• Reoviridae family, Orbivirus genus
• Transmission biting midge (Culicoides
  variipennis)
• Signs
• hemorrhage and ulcers in mouth and nose, cyanosis
  of the tongue, ulcerations of coronary band,
  lameness, pneumonia, abortions, diarrhea, death
• Prevention modified live virus vaccine
• Treatment supportive care
• Reportable disease (resembles FMD)

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DiseasesViral

• Bovine Lymphosarcoma
• Adult cattle
• associated with Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)
• Transmission inhalation, colostrum, fomites
• 2 forms
• Malignant Lymphoma most common bovine neoplastic
  disease in the U.S.
• Leukosis (B-lymphocyte proliferation) rare
• Young cattle
• not associated with BLV
• Rare
• Sheep natural infection has occurred
  experimental model
• Goats seroconvert to BLV, but do not develop
  clinical disease

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DiseasesViral

• Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (Flavivirus)
• BVD virus is ubiquitous (70-90 of all cattle
  seropositive)
• Acute Form (NCP)
• Affects immunocompetent, but immunologically
  naïve cattle
• Signs diarrhea, fever, leukopenia, oral
  erosions, oculonasal discharge, hypogalactia
• In utero infection (NCP)
• abortions, congenital anomalies, persistently
  infected calves
• Mucosal Disease
• PI animal that becomes infected with a CP strain
  (mutant)
• Usually results in death
• 10 will survive to first calving? Real Problem
• Prevention Vaccination

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DiseasesViral

• Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus
• Most important viral disease of goats
• Cause Lentivirus (similar to OPPV)
• Transmission
• vertical via colostrum and milk
• Signs
• progressive arthritis (six months and older)
• Carpal joint most common, followed by stifle,
  hock, and hip
• neurological symptoms in kids
• pneumonia (older animals)
• mastitis (older animals)
• Prevention
• remove kids at birth test and cull
• Treatment None Infection is lifelong

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DiseasesViral

• Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
• Agent IBR virus, Bovine Herpesvirus 1
• BHV-1.1 (IBR)
• BHV-1.2 (IBR-Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis)
• BHV-1.4 (neurologic disease)
• Fibronecrotic rhinotracheitis is pathognomonic
• Signs gray pustules/plaques on muzzle, nasal
  discharge, open-mouth breathing,
• IBR and BVD are the most common causes of bovine
  abortion
• Treatment antibiotics
• Prevention vaccinate

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DiseasesViral

• Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease)
• Primarily a disease of sheep
• Cause Pestivirus closely related to BVD virus
• Transmission PI animals shed virus in urine,
  feces, and saliva
• In Utero infections result in
• early embryonic death
• abortion
• developmental abnormalities - tremor, hirsutism,
  hypothyroidism, CNS defects, joint abnormalities
• Prevention Vaccinate with killed BVDV vaccine
• Treatment supportive care

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DiseasesViral

• Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)
• Viral infection of sheep and goats
• Cause parapoxvirus - capable of surviving for
  years
• Usually seen in young animals
• Signs
• lesions and scab formation around mouth,
  nostrils, eyes, non-wooled areas around mammary
  gland and vulva
• Most commonly at commissures of mouth
• Infected lactating ewes may abandon lambs
• Treatment supportive
• Prevention
• Vaccinate
• Disinfect equipment etc. in between use
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesViral

• Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)
• Severe disease primarily of cattle, but all
  ruminants susceptible
• Signs
• Corneal edema starting at limbus and progressing
  centripetally is nearly pathognomonic
• Other signs include oral erosions, purulent
  nasal discharge, encephalitis, lymphadenopathy,
  shed horns and hooves, diarrhea, sudden death
• Transmission
• Goats and cattle that survive are reservoirs
• Shed from nasopharynx
• Direct contact, water troughs, placenta,
  aerosols, fomites
• Infection is lifelong

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DiseasesViral

• Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus (OPPV,
  Maedi/Visna)
• Cause Lentivirus (closely related to CAEV)
• Signs
• after long incubation period (up to 2 years)
• progressive weight loss, pneumonia, lameness,
  paralysis, mastitis, death
• Transmission
• horizontal (aerosol)
• vertical - in utero and via infected milk and
  colostrum
• Prevention
• Test and cull
• Remove lambs from ewes at birth
• Treatment none

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DiseasesViral

• Pulmonary Adenomatosis (Jaagsiekte)
• Rare Disease
• progressive respiratory signs (dyspnea,
  hyperpnea) and wasting
• Incubation up to 2 years
• Cause Type D retrovirus
• Transmission aerosol
• Treatment None

88
DiseasesViral

• Papillomatosis (Warts, Verrucae)
• Agent Bovine Papillomavirus (types 1-5)
• BPV-1 and BPV-2 fibropapilomas on teats, penis,
  head, neck, dewlap
• BPV-3 flat warts anywhere on body
• BPV-4 warts in GI tract
• BPV-5 small white warts on teats
• Very common in cattle, less common in sheep and
  goats
• Sheep and goats rarely get verrucious type warts
  which may develop into squamous cell carcinomas
• Transmission direct/indirect contact through
  wounds
• Treatment often spontaneously resolve (not BPV-3
  and BPV-5) surgical excision cryosurgery
• Prevention commercial vaccine (cattle)
  autogenous

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DiseasesViral

• Pseudorabies (Mad Itch, Aujeszkys Dz)
• Primarily a clinical disease of cattle (less
  frequently in sheep and goats)
• Signs abrasions, swelling, pruritis,
  hyperthermia, vocalize frantically, salivation,
  neurologic signs
• Usually fatal
• Transmission
• Swine are primary host and reservoir and are
  usually assymptomatic
• Oral, intranasal, intradermal, or SQ introduction
  of virus (including modified-live swine vaccine)
• No treatment
• Reportable nationwide eradication program

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Diseases

• Tranmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
• Caused by prion (nonantigenic replicating
  proteins)
• Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
• Incubation period of years
• Progressive neurological illness
• Scrapie
• More common in sheep than goats
• Affects young animals, but incubation 2-5 years
• Signs excitable, tremors of head and neck
  muscles, uncoordinated movements, bunny
  hopping, severe pruritis, blindness, death
  within 4-6 weeks
• Suffolk especially susceptible Targhee resistant
• USDA prohibits feeding mammalian proteins to
  ruminants
• Reportable

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DiseasesViral

• Vesicular Stomatits
• Agent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Rhabdoviridae)
• Disease of Cattle rarely sheep (also horses
  swine)
• Signs vesicles on oral MM, teats and
  interdigital spaces, ulcers and erosions
  anorexia, salivation
• Transmission secretions spread by fomites, human
  hands, possibly contaminated feed and water, and
  possible some flying insects (mechanical vectors)
• Treatment segregate topical antibiotics for 2o
  infections
• Prevention vaccine during outbreak
• Reportable because similarity to FMD
• Zoonotic flu-like disease in humans

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DiseasesViral

• Viral Diarrhea Diseases
• 1o young animals
• Sheep
• Rotaviruses, Coronaviruses
• Goats
• Rotaviruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses
• Cattle
• Rotaviruses diarrhea is typically distinctive
  yellow may become zoonotoic
• Coronaviruses
• Parvoviruses
• Winter Dysentary diarrhea has distinctive musty
  sweet odor, light brown and bubbly
• Prevention good quality colostrum

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DiseasesChlamydial

• Enzootic Abortion
• Cause Chlamydphila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia
  psittaci)
• Signs
• late abortion
• birth of stillborns
• birth of weak kids/lambs
• Transmission
• direct contact with infectious secretions
  (placental, fetal, and uterine fluids)
• Indirect contact with contaminated feed and water
• Prevention
• Vaccinate prevents abortions, but not infection
• Quarantine - recovered does/ewes usually immune
  thereafter
• Treatment - Oxytetracycline

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Diseases

• Conjunctivitis-Polyarthritis Syndrome
• Cause Chlamydphila psittaci
• (Formerly Chlamydia psittaci)
• Signs
• ocular lesions
• Most common cause of infectious
  keratoconjunctivitis in sheep
• Conjunctival hyperemia, edema, ulceration,
  opacity
• arthritis
• Lameness in one or all legs
• Prevention Quarantine
• Treatment
• Self-limiting resolves spontaneously in 2-4
  weeks
• Ocular - tetracycline ophthalmic medication
• Systemic Disease - Oxytetracycline

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DiseasesParasitic

• Anaplasmosis
• Agent Anaplasma marginale (protozoa)
• Hemolytic disease of cattle
• Spread by Dermacentor andersoni and D.
  occidentalis
• Tx oxytetracycline
• Babesiosis
• Agent Babesia bovis and Ba. Bigemina (protozoa)
• Subclinical infections in cattle
• Spread by Boophilus ticks
• Hemolysis ? liver and kidney disease
• Reportable

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DiseasesParasitic

• Coccidiosis (protozoa)
• Causes hemorrhagic diarrhea in ruminants
• Transmitted via ingestion of sporulated oocysts
• Treatment
• Coccidiostats preferable to coccidiocidals
  because the former allow development of immunity
• Sulfonamides, amprolium, decoquinate, lasalocid,
  monensin
• Cryptosporidiosis (protozoa)
• Common cause of diarrhea in young ruminants
• Dx oocysts in iodine-stained feces fecal floats
  without sugar
• Tx none - self-limiting
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesParasitic

• Neosporosis
• Neospora caninum (protozoa)
• Common cause of bovine abortion (3rd -7th month)
• Transmission transplacental ingesting ooccysts
• No treatment
• Definitive host canine
• Toxoplasmosis
• Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa)
• Major case of abortions in sheep and goats
• Transmission ingesting oocysts transplacental
• No effective treatment
• Definitive host feline
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesParasitic

• Trichomoniasis
• Agent Tritrichomonas fetus (protozoa)
• Signs infertility, pyometras, abortions
• Organism does not interfere with conception
  embryonic death occurs within 2 months of
  infection
• Transmission venereal
• Prevention vaccinate cull chronically infected
  bulls
• Treatment imidazole effective, but cannot be
  used in food animals

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DiseasesParasitic

• Nematodes
• Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm)
• Most important internal parasite of sheep and
  goats
• Anemia, hypoproteinemia, intermandibular and
  cervical edema
• Ostertagia circumcincta (medium stomach worm)
• Sheep and goats
• Ostertagia ostertagia (cattle stomach worm)
• Most pathogenic and costly cattle nematode
• Dictyocaulus (lungworms)
• Various respiratory signs in all ruminants
• Tx Ivermectin, Levamisole

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DiseasesParasitic

• Trematodes
• Fascioliasis (liver fluke disease)
• Agents
• Fasciola hepatica
• Fascioloides magns
• Dicrocelium dendriticum
• Intermediate host usually a freshwater snail
• Signs of acute liver disease related to migration
  of immature flukes through the liver
• Chronic disease from damage to bile ducts and
  cholangiohepatitis
• Predisposes to invasion with Clostridial spp.
• Necropsy livers pale and friable /- migration
  tunnels
• Tx albendazole

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DiseasesParasites

• Mites rare in ruminants in the U.S., but
  Sarcoptes and Psorergates are reportable
• Lice
• Sheep
• Biting Damalinia ovis
• Sucking Linognathus ovillus, L. pedalis
• Goats
• Biting D. caprae, D. limbatus, D. crassipes
• Sucking L. stenopis, L. africanus
• Cattle
• Biting D. bovis
• Sucking L. vituli, Solenoptes capillatus,
  Haematopinuseurysternus, H. quadripertusis
• Ticks many Ixodidae and Argasidae species

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DiseasesParasites

• Other parasites
• Nasal bots/head grubs (Oestrus ovis)
• Screwworm flies (Cochliomyia hominivorax)
• Reportable
• Sheep Keds (Melophagus ovinus)

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DiseasesFungal

• Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)
• Common fungal infection of cattle
• Trichophyton verrucosum is 1o agent
• Signs multiple, gray, crusty, circumscribed,
  hyperkeratotic lesions around head, neck and ears
• Dx Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM)
• Spontaneous recovery 1-4 months
• Treatment
• Topical 2-5 lime-sulfur solution, 3 captan,
  iodophors, thiabendazole, and 0.5 hypochlorite
• Systemic griseofulvin
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesGenetic

• Entropion sheep and goats
• Beta-Mannosidosis goats (Nubian)
• Lysosomal storage disease
• Intention tremors, difficulty standing, deaf
• Congenital Myotonia goats
• fainting goats transient spasms of skeletal
  muscle brought about by visual, tactile, or
  auditory stimuli
• Congenital erythropoietic porphyria cattle
• Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome cattle
  (Holstein)
• Goiter of Sheep sheep (Merino)
• Spider Lamb Syndrome sheep (Suffollk and
  Hampshire)
• Hereditary chondrodysplasia

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Abomasal displacement
• RDA
• May be complicated by torsion
• surgical emergency
• LDA
• More common
• Signs anorexia, decreased cud chewing, decreased
  ruminal contractions, decreased respiratory rate,
  increased heart rate
• Dx Pinging
• Cause
• Gas accumulation causes abomasum to float up
• No exact cause identified
• Treatment
• RDA surgery
• LDA surgical or non-surgical correction

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Rumen Tympany (Bloat)
• Frothy bloat - excessive ingestion of highly
  fermentable carbohydrates
• Treatment
• Mineral oil, household detergents, or
  anti-fermentatives via stomach tube
• Trocarize rumen
• Free gas bloat
• Interference with normal eructation mechanism
• Esophageal obstruction, vagal nerve paralysis,
  some CNS conditions
• Prevention
• withhold feed for at least 24 hours prior to
  anesthesia, etc.
• Treatment
• pass stomach tube
• trocarize rumen

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Lactic Acidosis (Grain overload)
• Cause excessive ingestion of highly fermentable
  carbohydrates
• Leads to shift from gram-negative rumen bacterial
  population to gram-positive Streptococcus and
  Lactobacillus
• Lactic acid acidifies the rumen leading to
  inflammation
• ? ulcers, liver abscesses, laminitis,
  polioencephalomalacia
• Prevention
• avoid sudden dietary changes
• avoid over feeding of high carbohydrate diets
• Treatment
• IV fluids
• magnesium hydroxide intraruminal Na bicarb IV
• flush rumen or rumenotomy
• transfaunation

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Traumatic Reticulitis-Reticulopertonitis
• Also Traumatic Reticulitis-Pericarditis
• Aka. Hardware disease
• Cattle, rarely small ruminants
• Caused by ingestion of sharp metallic objects
  which drop into the reticulum penetrates the
  reticulum further migrations may lead to
  penetration of the diaphragm and pericardium
• Prevention
• Eliminate sharp objects in food and environment
• Forestomach magnets

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis, Twin Lamb Disease)
• 1o in Sheep and Goats that are overweight or
  bearing twins
• Seen in during late gestation or early lactation
• Signs
• depression, anorexia, weakness, neurologic signs,
  fetal death, ketonuria
• Cause inadequate glucose production secondary to
  increased requirements
• Prevention increase nutrition
• Treatment
• IV fluids, IV glucose, B vitamins, propylene
  glycol, induce abortion or c-section
• Protein Energy Malnutrition in heifer cattle is
  similar, but generally not associated with
  overconditioning or twins

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Hypocalcemia (Parturient Paresis, Milk Fever)
• Sheep overweight ewes during last six weeks of
  gestation or first few weeks of lactation
• Signs muscle tetany, incoordination, paralysis,
  coma, death
• Goats not as common
• Signs bloated, weak, unsteady, recumbent
• Cattle 24-48 hours before/after parturition
• Signs weak, muscle tremors, inability to stand,
  coma, death
• Cause
• calcium needs exceed bodys uptake of calcium
• Prevention
• Maintain proper nutrition during last trimester
• appropriate CaP ratio
• limit Ca intake early on
• Treatment IV calcium borogluconate, calcium gels
  boluses

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Urinary Calculi (Obstructive Urolithiasis, Water
  Belly)
• Rare in ruminants
• Urethral blockage
• male sheep and goats pizzle
• male cattle sigmoid flexure
• Signs
• treading, straining, arched back, raised tail,
  squatting, pizzle may be discolored
• Type 1o struvite
• Prevention
• diet with 21 CaP ratio, ? dietary roughage and
  salt, add ammonium chloride to diet
• Treatment
• surgical - amputate pizzle, perineal urethrostomy

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Copper Intoxication
• 1o a disease of sheep
• Acute hemolytic crisis
• sudden weakness, recumbency, hemoglobinuria,
  intravascular hemolysis, anemia, icterus, sudden
  death
• Cause chronic ingestion of copper
• Feeding cattle feeds and concetrates to sheep
• Copper-containing pesticides
• Soil additives
• Prevention Feed proper ration
• Treatment
• ammonium molybdenate, sodium molybdenate,
  D-penicillamine, transfusion

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Selenium/Vitamin E Deficiency (White Muscle
  Disease)
• A nutritional muscular dystrophy
• Two forms
• Cardiac - seen most often in neonates
• Respiratory difficulty due to damage of cardiac,
  diaphragmatic, and intercostal muscles locomotor
  disturbances and circulatory failure
• Skeletal
• Reluctant to move painful muscles
• Cause Selenium (most common) and/or Vit. E
  Deficiency
• Prevention proper diet awareness of regional
  selenium deficiencies
• Treatment injectable selenium and/or Vitamin E

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Thiamine Deficiency (Polioencephalomalacia)
• Animals affected
• Adult ruminant on high-concentrate diets most
  common
• Ruminants exposed to toxic plants or moldy feed
  containing thiaminases
• Ruminants on high-sulfate feeds
• Signs bruxism, hyperesthesia, involuntary muscle
  contractions, opisthotonus, seizures, wandering
  aimlessly, head-pressing, death
• Prevention provide enough high quality roughage
  to prevent overgrowth of thiaminase-producing
  ruminal flora
• Treatment thiamine hydrochloride

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DiseasesManagement-Related

• Failure of Passive Transfer
• Laminitis
• Photosensitization - 2o (liver dz) most common)
• Vaginal Uterine Prolapses
• Rectal Prolapses
• Trichobezoars

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DiseasesNeoplastic

• Neoplasia and tumors relatively rare in ruminants
• Sheep
• Lymphosarcoma/leukemia results from a virus
  related to BLV
• Pulmonary carcinoma (pulmonary adenomatosis)
• Goats
• Thymoma
• Cutaneous papillomas which may progress to SCC
• Cattle
• Lymphosarcoma of various organ systems
• Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) cancer
  eye
• Papillomatosis (warts) are common

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DiseasesMisc.

• Amyloidosis cattle
• Accumulations of amyloid in kidney, liver,
  adrenal glands, and GI tract associated with
  chronic inflammatory disease
• Signs chronic diarrhea, wt. loss, proteinuria
• Poor prognosis no treatment
• Dental Wear sheep
• Associated with dietary contamination with
  silica, or grazing in sandy environments
• Sole Abscesses cattle
• Fusobacterium necrophorum often involved

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Diseases

• Other Important Diseases
• Rabies zoonotic, reportable
• Leptosporosis - zoonotic
• E. coli - zoonotic
• Salmonellosis - zoonotic
• Lyme Disease - zoonotic
• Tularemia - zoonotic
• Foot Mouth Disease reportable
• Proliferative Stomatitis - zoonotic
• Pseudocowpox - zoonotic

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Recent Literature

• The Genetic Immunodeficiency Disease, Leukocyte
  Adhesion Deficiency, in Humans, Dogs, Cattle, and
  Mice. CM, Vol. 54, No. 4, August 2004
• Ovine Model to Evaluate Ovarian Vascularization
  by Using Contrast-Enhancd Sonography, CM, Vol.
  55, No. 2, April 2005

123
References

• Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd Edition,
  2002,pages 519-614.
• Large Animal Internal Medicine Diseases of
  Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, 2nd Edition,
  Smith, 1996.
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