Gender mainstreaming of the Social Inclusion and PRSP Processes Seminar Overview and PRSP sessions E

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Gender mainstreaming of the Social Inclusion and
PRSP ProcessesSeminar Overview and PRSP
sessions(Elizabeth Villagomez)
21-22 November, 2006 Belgrade
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Overview

• Overview of Poverty Reduction Strategy Processes
  (PRSP)
• Gender Perspective of the PRSP
• Gender Equality and gender mainstreaming
  Definitions and policy instruments
• Poverty and social inclusion from a womens
  perspective
• Indicators for the Social Inclusion Process,
  instruments for measurement (EU SILC) national
  indicators and statistics to monitor process
• GE and GM in the social Inclusion Process
• Linking the different processes
• Presentation by our country hosts
• Workshops

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WB definition

• Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) describe
  a country's macroeconomic, structural and social
  policies and programs to promote growth and
  reduce poverty, as well as associated external
  financing needs.
• PRSPs are prepared by governments through a
  participatory process involving civil society and
  development partners, including the World Bank
  and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

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WHY?

• Why do countries develop PRSPs?
• PRSPs are a requirement for countries in order to
  receive concessional assistance from the World
  Bank (through the International Development
  Association IDA) and the IMF (through the
  Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility PRGF). In
  addition, they are the basis for the provision of
  debt relief under the enhanced highly indebted
  poor countries (HIPC) Initiative.

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Macroeconomic stability

• Although the WB recognises that economic growth
  on its own does not reduce poverty and that there
  are a number of institutional areas that need
  strengthening
• it does not recognise gender equality as one of
  them in its basic handbooks and documentations
  for countries
• In its Gender web-page, on the other hand, it
  explicitly recognises gender equality as one of
  the elements of economic growth
• While the PRSP helps countries to focus on the
  measurement, the issues of the causes of poverty
  and the cost of the measures to address them the
  whole process is always subject to the most
  important goal macroeconomic stability

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Source M. Asaduzzaman (2005)
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WB rationale for re-distribution and reduction of
poverty

• Growth associated with progressive distributional
  changes, for example, will have a greater impact
  on poverty than growth that leaves distribution
  unchanged.
• Policies that improve the distribution of income
  and assets within a society, such as land tenure
  reform, pro-poor public expenditure, and measures
  to increase the access of the poor to financial
  markets, are thus essential to a countrys
  poverty reduction strategy.

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Macroeconomic stability

• To safeguard macroeconomic stability, the
  government budget, including the countrys
  poverty reduction strategies, must be financed in
  a sustainable, noninflationary manner.
• The formulation and integration of a countrys
  macroeconomic policy and poverty reduction
  strategy is an iterative process.
• Poverty reduction strategies need first to be
  articulated (that is, objectives and policies
  specified), then costed, and finally financed
  within the overall budget in a noninflationary
  manner.
• The amount of finance, much of which will be on
  concessional terms, is, however, not necessarily
  fixed during this process If credible poverty
  reduction strategies cannot be financed from
  available resources, World Bank and IMF staff
  should and will assist countries in their efforts
  to raise additional financial support from the
  donor community.

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History

• September 1999 WB and IMF recognised that their
  approach of one-size fits all economic policies
  did not adapt to countries specificities and
  hindered reduction of poverty
• Development by the countries themselves of a
  poverty reduction strategy in consultation with
  civil society
• Core objective arrive at policies that are more
  clearly focused on growth and poverty reduction
  in which the poverty reduction and macroeconomic
  elements of the programme are fully integrated

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Criticism

• The macroeconomic stability policies can have a
  negative impact on the reduction of poverty
• No ex-ante poverty impact assessments are made
• No ex-ante gender impact assessments are made

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Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)

• Main Objective
• Written strategy for poverty reduction to ensure
  national priorities are followed in aid required
• Countries are encouraged to design strategies
  aimed toward reaching the MDGs.
• Countries Involved
• Required for every country receiving World Bank/
  IMF lending or debt relief.
• Currently, 70 low income countries are or have
  prepared strategies.
• Time Perspective
• Based on long- and medium-term reforms

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Challenges

• Time frame/methodology (for preparation,
  monitoring, participation by civil society)
• Analysis of the impacts of all economic policies
  on poverty reduction (are policies contradictory
  or complementary?
• How to mainstream gender effectively into the
  process?
• Issues
• Budgetary allocations

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Country Analysis

• There are significant differences between the
  reports in terms of quality of analysis, number
  of reports produced, even within the reports of
  single countries
• The gender perspective of each country and report
  similarly varies significantly from some
  countries that name gender as a top, overriding
  priority to others that nearly avoid the issue.
• Overall, the reports show that Southeastern
  European countries do not place gender issues
  with a high enough priority and do not fully
  grasp the perspective necessary for fair
  development.
• A correlation shown between EU inclusion and
  gender equality can help countries increase their
  willingness to prioritize gender issues.
• All countries are required to address the issue
  of gender in the third of the MDGs, yet the
  countries vary in their level of analysis.

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Millennium Development Goals, PRSPs and NAPincl

• Why perform a comparative analysis?
• EU perspective countries are already organizing
  their development processes through the MDGs and
  PRSPs.
• Alignment of their current development strategies
  with EU goals will better facilitate their
  process of reaching EU standards.
• Gender equality goals for each country are
  described in these reports giving insight to the
  extent a gender perspective is used in
  development strategies and the priority placed on
  equality.

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Millennium Development Goals

• Main Objective
• Eight development goals, which range from
  eradicating extreme poverty and hunger to
  promoting gender equality and environmental
  sustainability, are set to be achieved by the
  year 2015
• Countries Involved
• All UN Member States have agreed to achieve these
  goals, yet an emphasis is placed on progress made
  by less developed countries
• Progress/ Time
• Progress on reaching these goals is monitored
  through regular country reports

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Country Analysis
These countries are not active borrowers from
the World Bank and therefore have no PRSP.
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Albania

• PRSP (2001, 2004, 2006)
• There is a limited gender perspective in both the
  2001 report and subsequent progress reports.
  Gender issues are only mentioned as a distinct
  issue and are limited to statistics on health,
  education and unemployment. There is no mention
  of gender in the introduction or in sections on
  economics, poverty, financial services or
  minorities.
• A separate note describes three areas of concern
  for women in Albania including equality,
  trafficking and domestic violence. However, women
  are not discussed in sections of the main paper
  dedicated to these same issues.
• Progress Reports show improvements including a
  Law on Gender Equality passed in 2004 and gender
  mainstreaming training provided to that national
  staff. However, recommendations for 2006-08 do
  not include any further goals of women's issues
  or gender equality.
• MDG (2004)
• In contrast to the PRSP, the MDG report states
  that gender mainstreaming is one of the countrys
  four major goals, along with inclusion in the EU.
  The document states that "gender equality should
  be given extensive attention as an important
  element for achievement of the MDGs in Albania.
• There is an additional note that the PRSP is low
  in policies on gender, but reports progress in
  the creation of two new government institutions
  for equal opportunities.

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Bosnia Herzegovina

• PRSP (2004)
• In the BiH PRSP, the definition of poverty shows
  an understanding of the multi-dimensional reach
  of poverty, yet still does not call for a gender
  perspective in development.
• The report states that poverty and the
  resolutions for poverty are the same for both
  sexes.
• MDG (2004)
• The MDG report (2004) states that gender equality
  and the empowerment of women is of special
  importance to BiH.
• Gender issues are not discussed throughout the
  report, but are given significant emphasis in the
  section on gender equality and includes important
  mentions on domestic violence, women in the
  workforce, and the social stigmas that stunt the
  inclusion of women.

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Macedonia

• Macedonias 2005 MDG report is not available.
  (link is not working)
• Macedonias brief interim PRSP does not mention
  any gender related issues.
• There was one meeting in which these issues were
  going to be worked on by a gender working group
  which included experts and NGOs (one), there are
  no policy papers available on-line

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Montenegro

• PRSP (2004, 2005)
• The PRSP dedicates significant space to the
  problems of gender, poverty and discrimination,
  and lists action steps to remove the barriers to
  equality for women.
• However, these issues are not fully integrated
  into the strategy and are more presented as a
  separate human rights concern.
• MDG (2004)
• Gender inequality is stated as an urgent problem
  in Montenegro. A broad number of difficult
  gender issues are discussed including
  trafficking, violence against woment, economic
  disadvantages and discrimination.
• Like the PRSP, gender issues are presented as a
  distinct topic. The MDG report lists only a
  brief number of action steps to be taken for
  improving the plight of women in the country.

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Serbia

• PRSP (2004, 2005)
• The Progress Report of 2005 states that Serbia is
  behind other neighboring countries in gender
  equality and to address this downfall will
  implement a list of high priority action items,
  including passing a "Law on National Gender
  Equality and encouraging provinces to take
  similar steps.
• Unfortunately, leadership misses the link between
  equality and poverty. The PRSP states that it is
  important to point out that "there is no
  automatic link whatsoever between the reduction
  of poverty and of gender inequalities" and
  therefore decreasing gender inequality will not
  have any effect on poverty reduction or vice
  versa
• MDG Review (2004)
• The goals set for gender equality are
  wide-ranging and include reducing the disparities
  in employment rates, wage levels, education,
  political and public participation and achieving
  a reduction against violence.
• The information presented shows that the
  situation of women in Serbia is one of the worst
  in the region and only proposes tangible changes
  in health care and education. Almost all gender
  references are considered separately from other
  concerns and consequently little emphasis is
  placed on the integration of a cross-sector
  gender perspective.

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Bulgaria

• MDG (2003)
• Bulgaria has made significant improvements in
  representation of women in public administration
  and has more equitable pay between the sexes than
  many European countries.
• In the report, gender is only mentioned in the
  discussion of Goal 3 and only has two indicators
  allocated to assess the current context.
• The report is not firm on its commitment to
  improving equality. It leaves responsibility for
  political representation to political parties,
  lists no further action steps and lacks any
  discussion on women and education or literacy.

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Croatia

• MDG (2004)
• Croatia has shown significant initiative on
  achieving equality and fully highlights further
  efforts in the Report. There has been recent
  progress in the development of gender legislation
  and achievement of relative equality between men
  and women in literacy and school attendance. Some
  data show positive improvements including a
  slight majority of females in universities, an
  increase in women in parliament, and a majority
  of judges
• In the report, gender is only discussed within
  Goal 3, but at this point is given a strong
  emphasis.

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Kosovo

• MDG Baseline Report (2003)
• The Report details the strength and growth of the
  womens movement. Women's organizations are
  reportedly already leading efforts to gain
  equality and have achieved institutional
  representation and numerous policy changes.
  Employment is more equal than in most countries
  in the region and women's representation in
  parliament is higher than in any other transition
  country.
• There is also an honest, detailed examination of
  gender differences in the areas of unemployment,
  health services, and literacy. Despite the
  importance given to gender issues, the ideas are
  still not mainstreamed and only found under Goal
  3.

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Romania

• MDG (2004)
• The Romanian report contains limited information
  about reaching the Goals, the status of poverty,
  or the participants involved in report creation.
• The gender discussion would be improved with a
  more extensive gender perspective as it is now
  completely limited to Goal 3 and only mentions
  increasing the level of female employment and
  continuing the equality in education.
• However, the discussion on equality in employment
  is detailed with statistics and addresses
  challenges that will be faced.

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Millennium Development Goals and PRSPs

• Summary
• Most dont include enough on gender
• Most only discuss gender where necessary, in goal
  3 for the MDG reports.
• Most admit that there is inequality, but lack
  thorough statements/measures to improve the
  situation.

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Gender mainstreaming of the Social Inclusion and
PRSP ProcessesThe importance of unpaid and
informal work, household responsibilities and
labour market positionOverview of Social
Inclusion process
21-22 November, 2006 Belgrade
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Rest of the world X-M
Private enterprises gitn
Government T-G
Individuals/households sigtn
PIB C G I (X-M)
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Rest of the world X-M
Private enterprises gitn
Government T-G
Individuals/households Unpaid work Paid informal
work
PIB C G I (X-M)
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Open method of coordination

• The OMC has been considered by the Lisbon
  European Council as a mechanism for coordinating
  and taking forward work in the fields of social
  inclusion and pensions, (which has allowed
  progress to be made in these areas) and has
  included long-term care (due to the ageing of EU
  societies).

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Open method of Coordination

• There is no legally binding basis as for the
  macroeconomic stability pact (i.e. no sanctions
  are applicable)
• All measures must be coherent with three
  overarching objectives and with the integrated
  guidelines
• A social inclusion plan is presented along with
  the strategy on pensions and on long-term care
• Agreed common indicators to monitor progress and
  national indicators at will of each EU MS.

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National Action Plans for Social Inclusion

• Main Objective
• Countries are required to create an action plan
  to combat poverty and social exclusion. The
  overarching goal is "to make a decisive impact on
  the eradication of poverty".
• Countries Involved
• All current European Union countries
• Time Perspective
• Significant impact should be reached by 2010

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3 overarching objectives (Lisbon and SI/SP)

• full employment,
• quality at work,
• the promotion of social cohesion and inclusion.
• (a) Promote social cohesion and equal
  opportunities for all through adequate,
  accessible, financially sustainable, adaptable
  and efficient social protection systems and
  social inclusion policies.
• (b) Interact closely with the Lisbon objectives
  on achieving greater economic growth and more and
  better jobs and with the EU's Sustainable
  Development Strategy.
• (c) Strengthen governance, transparency and the
  involvement of stakeholders in the design,
  implementation and monitoring of policy.

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Integrated guidelines

• Macroeconomic guidelines
• (1) To secure economic stability.
• (2) To safeguard economic and fiscal
  sustainability.
• (3) To promote a growth- and employment-orientated
  and efficient allocation of resources.
• (4) To secure economic stability for sustainable
  growth.
• (5) To ensure that wage developments contribute
  to macroeconomic stability and growth.
• (6) To contribute to a dynamic and
  well-functioning EMU.

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Integrated guidelines

• Microeconomic guidelines
• (7) To increase and improve investment in R D,
  in particular by private business.
• (8) To facilitate all forms of innovation.
• (9) To facilitate the spread and effective use of
  ICT and build a fully inclusive information
• society.
• (10) To strengthen the competitive advantages of
  its industrial base.
• (11) To encourage the sustainable use of
  resources and strengthen the synergies between
• environmental protection and growth.
• (12) To extend and deepen the internal market.
• (13) To ensure open and competitive markets
  inside and outside Europe and to reap the
• benefits of globalisation.
• (14) To create a more competitive business
  environment and encourage private initiative
• through better regulation.
• (15) To promote a more entrepreneurial culture
  and create a supportive environment for
• SMEs.
• (16) To expand, improve and link up European
  infrastructure and complete priority cross-border
  projects.

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Integrated guidelines

• Employment guidelines
• (17) Implement employment policies aiming at
  achieving full employment, improving quality and
  productivity at work, and strengthening social
  and territorial cohesion.
• (18) Promote a life-cycle approach to work.
• (19) Ensure inclusive labour markets, enhance
  work attractiveness, and make work pay for
  job-seekers, including disadvantaged people, and
  the inactive.
• (20) Improve matching of labour market needs.
• (21) Promote flexibility combined with employment
  security and reduce labour market
• segmentation, having due regard to the role of
  the social partners.
• (22) Ensure employment-friendly labour cost
  developments and wage-setting mechanisms.
• (23) Expand and improve investment in human
  capital.
• (24) Adapt education and training systems in
  response to new competence requirements.

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Inclusion and Social Protection

• Making a decisive impact on the eradication of
  poverty and social exclusion
• (d) Ensure the active social inclusion of all by
  promoting participation in the labour market and
  by fighting poverty and exclusion among the most
  marginalized people and groups.
• (e) Guarantee access for all to the basic
  resources, rights and social services
• needed for participation in society, while
  addressing extreme forms of
• exclusion and fighting all forms of
  discrimination leading to exclusion.
• (f) Ensure that social inclusion policies are
  well-coordinated and involve all levels of
  government and relevant actors, including people
  experiencing poverty, that they are efficient and
  effective and mainstreamed into all relevant
  public policies, including economic, budgetary,
  education and training policies and structural
  fund (notably ESF) programmes and that they are
  gender mainstreamed.

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Inclusion and Social Protection

• Providing adequate and sustainable pensions
• (g) In the spirit of solidarity and fairness
  between and within generations, guarantee
  adequate retirement incomes for all and access to
  pensions which allow people to maintain, to a
  reasonable degree, their living standard after
  retirement.
• (h) In the context of sound public finances,
  ensure the financial sustainability of public and
  private pension schemes, notably by supporting
  longer working lives and active ageing ensuring
  an appropriate and fair balance of contributions
  and benefits and promoting the affordability and
  ensuring the security of funded and private
  schemes.
• (i) Ensure that pension systems are transparent,
  well adapted to the needs and aspirations of
  women and men and the requirements of modern
  societies, demographic ageing and structural
  change that people receive the information they
  need to plan their retirement and that reforms
  are conducted on the basis of the broadest
  possible consensus.

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Inclusion and Social Protection

• Ensuring accessible, high-quality and sustainable
  healthcare and long-term care
• (j) Guarantee access for all to adequate health
  and long-term care and ensure that the need for
  care does not lead to poverty and financial
  dependency. Address inequities in access to care
  and in health outcomes.
• (k) Promote quality in health and long-term care
  and adapt care to the changing needs and
  preferences of society and individuals, notably
  by establishing quality standards reflecting best
  international practice and by strengthening the
  responsibility of health professionals and of
  patients and care recipients.
• (l) Ensure that adequate and high quality health
  and long-term care remains affordable and
  sustainable by promoting healthy and active life
  styles, good human resources for the care sector
  and a rational use of resources, notably through
  appropriate incentives for users and providers,
  good governance and coordination between care
  systems and institutions.

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Methodology

• Assessment of the situation (diagnosis of the
  issues, can be participatory, seldom is.
• Overall strategic approach
• Specific objectives (quantified if possible)
• Coherent with Lisbon Strategy

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Policy instruments

• Fiscal (redistribution)
• Social Security (pensions rules, definitions,
  quantities)
• Services (decentralisation health, justice,
  education, housing, culture, etc.)

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Gender mainstreaming of the Social Inclusion and
PRSP ProcessesIndicators for the social
inclusion process, instruments for measurement,
national indicators and statistics
21-22 November, 2006 Belgrade
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Structural indicators

• GENERAL ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
• 1. GDP per capita in PPS
• 2. Labour productivity per person employed

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Structural indicators

• EMPLOYMENT
• 3.1. Total employment rate
• 3.2. Employment rate females
• 3.3. Employment rate males
• 4.1. Total employment rate of older workers
• 4.2. Employment rate of older workers females
• 4.3. Employment rate of older workers males

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Structural indicators

• INNOVATION AND RESEARCH
• 5. Gross domestic expenditure on RD (GERD)
• 6.1. Youth education attainment level - total
• 6.2. Youth education attainment level - females
• 6.3. Youth education attainment level males
• ECONOMIC REFORM
• 7. Comparative price levels
• 8. Business investment

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Structural indicators

• SOCIAL COHESION
• 9.1. At-risk-of-poverty rate after social
  transfers total
• 9.2. At-risk-of-poverty rate after social
  transfers females
• 9.3. At-risk-of-poverty rate after social
  transfers males
• 10.1. Dispersion of regional employment rates
  total
• 10.2. Dispersion of regional employment rates
  females
• 10.3. Dispersion of regional employment rates
  males
• 11.1. Total long-term unemployment rate
• 11.2. Long-term unemployment rate females
• 11.3. Long-term unemployment rate males

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Structural indicators

• ENVIRONMENT
• 12. Total greenhouse gas emissions
• 13. Energy intensity of the economy
• 14. Transport Volume of freight transport
  relative to GDP

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Structural indicators

• http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_page
  id1133,47800773,1133_47802558_dadportal_schema
  PORTAL

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Inclusion and Social Protection indicators

• Background information
• Income distribution S80/20Ratio between the top
  20 of income distribution to the bottom 20
• Gini coefficient Relationship of cumulative
  shares of the population arranged according to
  income, to the cumulative share of total income 
•  Regional cohesion Coefficient of variation of
  employment rates at NUTS 2 level among the 16-64
  age group
•  Life expectancy at birth Number of years a
  person may be expected to live, starting at age 0
• Healthy life expectancy
• Low income rate anchored at a moment in time x.
  Base year x-3.
• Poverty risk rate before social transfers
  Relative low income rate calculated including
  retirement and survivors pensions.
• Poverty risk rate before social transfers
  Relative low income rate calculated excluding
  retirement and survivors pensions.

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Inclusion and Social Protection indicators

• Promoting access to employment
• Long-term unemployment rate Total of the
  unemployed who have been looking for a job 1 year
  or more as a proportion of total unemployed
  population
• Persons living in jobless households Proportion
  of children aged 0 to 17 living in households
  where no one is working.
• Persons living in jobless households Proportion
  of people aged 18 to 59 living in households
  where no one is working, expressed as a
  proportion of the total population of this age
  group. (Students aged 18-24 who live in
  student-only households are not counted either as
  numerator or denominator.

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Inclusion and Social Protection indicators

• Guaranteeing a minimum level of resources (some
  are broken down by sex)
• Poverty risk rate after transfers broken down by
  age and sex. Percentage of people who live in
  households where the total equivalized household
  income was below 60 of median national
  equivalized income
• Poverty risk threshold (illustrative values) The
  value of the low income threshold (60 median
  national equivalized income) by Purchasing Power
  Standard (PPS)
• Persistence of low income Persons living in
  households where the total equivalized household
  income was below 60 of the median national
  equivalized income in year n and (at least) two
  years of years n-1, n-2, n-3.
•  Relative median low income gap Difference
  between the median income of persons with low
  income and the low-income threshold, expressed as
  a percentage of the low-income threshold

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Inclusion and Social Protection indicators

• Guaranteeing a minimum level of resources
  (Contd.)
• Poverty risk rate after transfers broken down by
  household type Percentage of individuals living
  in households where the total equivalized
  household income is below 60 of national
  equivalized median income
• Poverty risk rate among the employed Percentage
  of persons living in households where the total
  equivalized income is below 60 of the median
  national equivalized income according to work
  intensity (WI)
• Poverty risk rate after transfers, broken down by
  most frequent activity status Percentage of
  persons aged 16 or more living in households
  where the total equivalized household income is
  below 60 national equivalized median income
• Poverty risk after transfers broken down by
  housing situation Percentage of persons living
  in households whose total equivalized household
  income is below 60 national equivalized median
  income.
• Dispersion around the low income threshold
  Percentage of persons living in households where
  the total equivalized household income is below
  40, 50 and 70 median national equivalized
  income

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Inclusion and Social Protection indicators

• Education with equity (all by sex)
• Early school leavers not in education or
  training Share of total population of 18-24-year
  olds having achieved ISCED level 2 or less and
  not attending education or training
• Persons with low educational attainment
  Educational attainment rate of ISCED level 2 or
  less for adult education by age and gender groups
• Students with low reading skills students aged
  over 15 with low reading skills

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EU SILC

• Survey has many possibilities to make in-depth
  analysis
• Household as the unit of observation limits in
  some degree gender perspective
• Some of the technical aspects of the survey can
  also have strong impact on final outcomes
  (Attrition)
• Ethnic groups are not reflected nor those who are
  isntitutionalised

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National indicators

• Survey data
• Administrative data

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National indicators

• SPAIN
• Total unemployment rate Number of people
  unemployed as proportion of labour force
• Employment promotion in the public system of
  social services (Agreed Plan)
• Number of persons receiving welfare benefits,
  broken down by main minimum benefit (annual
  average)
• Spending on minimum welfare benefits
• Poverty rate of persons below 15 national
  equivalized income
•  Number of persons receiving minimum jobseekers
  income
• Spending on minimum jobseekers income

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Gender mainstreaming of the Social Inclusion and
PRSP ProcessesLinking PRSP, MDG and Social
Inclusion Processes
21-22 November, 2006 Belgrade
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Approaches

• MDG is focused on human development (not
  precisely rights based, but can be)
• PRSP and Social Inclusion processes are
  subordinated to macroeconomic stability and
  growth
• Ownership is supposed to drive all three
• All three claim to introduce participatory
  approaches
• All have indicators for monitoring

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Economic and gender perspectives

• MDG and PRSP have made exercises in costing
• SI/SP must be in line with overall Lisbon
  Objectives and guidelines
• All three suffer form a lack of poverty and
  gender ex-ante assessments of macroeconomic
  policy
• However..all three include some statement about
  gender mainstreaming that can be used by advocates

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Shared or common objectives

• Wide variety but some common ground can be found
• Goal 1 - Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Goal 2 - Achieve universal primary education
• Goal 3 - Promote gender equality and empower
  women
• Goal 4 - Reduce child mortality
• Goal 5 - Improve maternal health
• Goal 6 - Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other
  diseases
• Goal 7 - Ensure environmental sustainability
• Goal 8 - Develop a global partnership for
  development

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Indicators

• Are there common indicators that all three
  initiatives use?
• If so, what indicators are in common? Are these
  indicators used for comparable purposes?
• Can we compare indicators between these three?
  (Probably not because each country will design
  its own indicators. However, we can compare the
  indicator matrix for the NAPs with the Targets
  and Goals of the MDGs given that most PRSPs
  should be in some way aligned with the MDGs)
  
  
  
  
  
• How many of these indicators are gender
  disaggregated? Overall, is there a gender
  perspective within these indicators?

65
Indicators

• We can also look at the indicators used by the
  SEE countries in PRSPs and check how well they
  correspond with the NAP indicators and MDG
  Targets and goals, or vice-versa

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Integrated guidelines

• Microeconomic guidelines
• (7) To increase and improve investment in R D,
  in particular by private business.
• (8) To facilitate all forms of innovation.
• (9) To facilitate the spread and effective use of
  ICT and build a fully inclusive information
• society.
• (10) To strengthen the competitive advantages of
  its industrial base.
• (11) To encourage the sustainable use of
  resources and strengthen the synergies between
• environmental protection and growth.
• (12) To extend and deepen the internal market.
• (13) To ensure open and competitive markets
  inside and outside Europe and to reap the
• benefits of globalisation.
• (14) To create a more competitive business
  environment and encourage private initiative
• through better regulation.
• (15) To promote a more entrepreneurial culture
  and create a supportive environment for
• SMEs.
• (16) To expand, improve and link up European
  infrastructure and complete priority cross-border
  projects.

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Monitoring by civil society

• Are any other initiatives in general on
  transparency, environment, specific groups (Roma,
  Disabled, homeless, children, etc?)
• Modernisation of the public administration opens
  new opportunities to use administrative data
  (what is the effectiveness of freedom of
  information laws?)
• What are the effects of decentralisation?
• Are there other political and social problems
  that diminish the importance of addressing
  poverty and social inclusion?