Matter, Energy and Life

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Matter, Energy and Life

• Chapter 4

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Matter, Energy, and Work

• What is the fuel that keeps our organ systems
  functioning?
• Matter the collection of atoms and molecules of
  which everything is made.
• Anything that takes up space
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Work a change in an objects position or form

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Matter, Energy, and Work
energy
Matter is Potential energy
Work is Kinetic energy
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Potential and Kinetic Energy

• Potential energy is stored energy
• Kinetic energy is released energy

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Potential and Kinetic Energy

• Potential Energy
• Quarter Pounder, large fries, and a large shake
  1200 kcal
• granola bars 150 kcal
• energy bar 200 kcal
• 12 pizza 1200 kcal

• Kinetic Energy
• aerobics 422 kcal/hr
• house cleaning 250 kcal/hr
• Yoga 280 kcal/hr
• baseball 350 kcal/hr
• football 560 kcal/hr

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Potential and Kinetic Energy
Diffusion or Osmosis
Digestion
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Matter, Energy, and Work
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How Cells and Ecology are Related Heterotrophs
and Autotrophs

• Autotrophs make their own energy
• Heterotrophs need to consume energy

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Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
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Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Aerobic respiration Mitochondria (all eukaryotic
cells)
Photosynthesis Chloroplasts (some plant and algal
cells)
Light
CO2
CO2
Glucose

O2
O2
Glucose



ATP
ATP
H2O
H2O
photosynthesis
respiration
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The principle form of energy in the cell is ATP
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How do we get energy?The basic food groups
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Macromolecules and Food
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Basics About Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids (fats)

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Carbohydrates

• Simple Sugars
• Monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharides like sucrose and lactose
• Complex Carbohydrates
• starch
• glycogen
• In animals, carbohydrates function primarily in
  short-term energy storage

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Glycogen

• Glucose
• Storage carbohydrate in animal cells
• stored by the cells in the liver

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Starch

• Glucose
• Storage carbohydrate in plant cells
• Important source of energy for animals

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Cellulose

• Glucose
• Structural carbohydrate in plant cells
• Most common carbohydrate on earth!
• Indigestible by nearly all organisms except...

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Hydrolysis (breaking apart) of starch or complex
carbohydrates yields simple sugars
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Saliva

• The mouth is the first organ of the digestive
  system
• Chewing your food is the first step to digestion.
  Chewing physically breaks down food
• Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical
  breakdown of food
• amylase
• lysozyme

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Investigation 3Chemical Aspects of Digestion

• Testing for the digestion of crackers
• Crackers are made of
• When we eat crackers we are releasing
  _____________ into our system.
• Iodine
• caramel color/dark blue
• Benedicts solution
• blue?green?yellow?red

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• The enzyme amylase in saliva breaks starch into
  simple sugar molecules
• In general, the process of breaking something
  down into smaller pieces (catabolism) occurs
  through the addition of water (hydrolysis).
  

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Protein Functions

• Enzymes- facilitate chemical reactions in the
  cell (the body)
• Structural organization- hair, nails,
  cytoskeleton
• Membrane transport (Diffusion and osmosis)
• Cellular regulation hormones
• Motility muscle movement and cytoskeleton
• Protective proteins body defenses such as
  antibodies

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Raffinose
Galactose Sucrose
Alpha-galactosidase

Beano enzyme
soy products broccoli family
Enzymes are proteins
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• Muscle is protein
• Two proteins interact to contract muscles
• Actin
• Myosin

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Primary (1o) structure Glucagon

• A small protein only 29 amino acids
• Primary structure is the linear arrangement of
  amino acids.

• Essential amino acids are those that our body
  cannot make. Therefore we must get them from
  eating certain foods (meat, dairy, eggs)
• Non-essential amino acids are readily made by our
  bodies.

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Lipids are Fatty Substances

• Triglycerides (Fatty acids)
• Phospholipids are important in cell membranes
• Steroids

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Lipids Triglycerides
Dehydration synthesis between Glycerol Fatty
acids
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Saturated and UnsaturatedFatty Acids
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Trans-Fats and Hydrogenated Oils

• Trans-fats raise the level of LDL (low-density
  lipoprotein)
• LDL contributes to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

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Trans-Fats and Hydrogenated Oils
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Unnatural Fatty Acids

• Mono- and diglycerides in some ice creams
  processed foods give them a creamier texture
  without the cost of natural fats
• Olestra Olean 6-8 fatty acids attached to a
  sucrose molecule is a no calorie fat substitute

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Phospholipids are important in the cell membrane
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Steroids

• Important signaling molecules
• Cholesterol is the starting point (precurser) for
  the synthesis of all steroid hormones.
• Steroid Hormones
• estrogen
• testosterone
• progesterone
• cortisone

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More on Cholesterol

• Important for making steroid hormones
• Important component of the cell membrane
• Synthesized by the cells of our body
• When cholesterol ingestion increases a negative
  feedback mechanism prevents further synthesis by
  our cells.
• However, high levels of saturated fats stimulate
  production of cholesterol in the liver

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Vitamins and Minerals
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Using Matter and EnergyDigestion and Metabolism

• Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions
  that occur in an organism
• chemical reactions that build molecules
• chemical reactions that break molecules down
• Metabolism occurs inside the cell
• Digestion occurs outside of cells

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Basics About Enzymes
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Digestion

• Bolus chewed food
• Esophagus swallowing as a marvel of the somatic
  and autonomic nervous system
• Swallowing triggers receptors
• closure of trachea by the epiglottis,
• closure of nasal passages
• breathing temporarily halted

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Digestion

• Peristalsis rhythmic waves of muscular
  contractions
• Two sphincter muscles regulate entry of food into
  esophagus and the stomach
• What causes acid reflux or heartburn?

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• Vomiting is reverse peristalsis
• response to toxins
• response to severe stretching of stomach muscles
• Secretions by stomach tissues
• mucus
• hydrochloric acid
• pepsin
• Chyme a semi-fluid mixture of food and digestive
  enzymes
• Absorption of alcohol and aspirin

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As the stomach churns Homeostasis and Digestion

• When you see, smell, or think about food the
  parasympathetic nervous system signals cells in
  your stomach to secrete mucus, acid, and pepsin
• Sensory receptors detect the stretching that
  occurs as food enters your stomach
• Send signals to the brain to inhibit your urge to
  eat

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• Food acts as the stimulus for secretion of
• hormone gastrin
• increases secretion of HCl and pepsin
• Histamine
• parasympathetic nervous system
• If any one of these is absent, then little HCl or
  pepsin is released
• Negative feedback mechanism kicks in if stomach
  becomes too acidic

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• A variety of disorders can occur when events in
  the GI tract are not coordinated effectively
• Ulcers
• block histamine release
• Treat with antibiotics for infection with
  Helicobacter pyroli

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Other Digestive Organs
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Finishing the job The small and large intestines

• Small intestine
• further digestion
• absorption of nutrients
• Further digestion
• Pancreas
• neutralizes stomach acid
• secretes a battery of digestive enzymes

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Absorption by the cells of the small intestine
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(c)
1 mm
Do not post photos on Internet
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The Liver

• Blood leaves small intestine and enters the liver
• Plays a critical role in monitoring and
  regulating the levels of many substances in your
  body

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The Large Intestine

• The colon
• Water absorption!
• Large intestines absorbs nutrients released by
  bacteria
• Material continues to move through peristalsis

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The GI tract inside or outside the body?
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Digestion in Early Animals
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MetabolismWhats going on inside of each cell?

• Metabolism
• catabolic reactions break down larger molecules ?
  smaller molecules
• anabolic reactions build small ? large
• Carbohydrates (glucose)
• Triglycerides (fatty acids)
• Proteins (amino acids)

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Metabolism Energy from Matter

• Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrion
• Converts glucose (and other substances) to ATP
• ATP is the energy currency of the cell
• a usable source of potential chemical energy

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The principle form of energy in the cell is ATP
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Importance to Life

• Breaks down nutrients and converts them to ATP
• Cellular respiration is dependant on Oxygen (from
  organismic respiration) and produces CO2

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Cellular Respiration
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Cellular RespirationC6H12O6 O2 ? CO2 H2O
ATP

• Glucose Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide Water 36-38 ATPs
ENERGY
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Major Steps of Respiration

• Glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport

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The stages of cellular respiration
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1. Glycolysis

• Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of
  pyruvate

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2. Krebs Cycle

• Takes the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogens from
  pyruvate
• Get rid of carbon and oxygen (CO2)
• Keep the hydrogens to make ATP
• Carbon compoundsrearranged to releaseFADH2 and
  NADH and ATP

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3. Electron Transport ATP Production

• Takes the hydrogens from FADH2 and NADH and uses
  them to form a gradient in the inner membrane of
  the mitochondrion
• Energy from the gradient is used to make ATP

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Fuel for Respiration comes from Several Sources

• Carbohydrate
• Sugars
• Fats
• Glycerol
• Fatty acids
• Protein
• Amino acids

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Important Summary Slide