Matter and Energy Review

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Matter and Energy Review

• Chapter 3 Matter Energy and Systems
• Chapter 4 Biogeochemical cycles

Go to quiz
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Natural Capital Sustaining Life of Earth

• One-way flowof energy from Sun

• Cycling ofCrucial Elements

Fig. 4-8 p.60
3
Solar Capital Flow of Energy to and from the
Earth
Fig. 4-9 p. 61
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The Law of Conservation of Matter

• Matter is not destroyed

• Matter only changes form

• There is no throw away

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Laws Governing Energy Changes
First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy)

• Energy is neither created nor destroyed

• Energy only changes form

• You cant get something for nothing

ENERGY IN ENERGY OUT
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Laws Governing Energy Changes
Second Law of Thermodynamics entropy

• In every transformation, some energy is converted
  to heat

• You cannot break even in terms of energy quality

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Energy Quality

• High-quality energy

• Low-quality energy

Fig. 3-12 p.46
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Connections Matter Cycling in Ecosystems

• Biogeochemical cycles

• Hydrologic cycle (H2O)

• Carbon cycle

• Nitrogen cycle

• Phosphorus cycle

• Sulfur cycle

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Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Fig. 4-28 p. 76
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The Carbon Cycle (Marine)
Fig. 4-29, p. 78
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The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)
Fig. 4-29, p. 78
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The Nitrogen Cycle
Fig. 4-31 p. 80
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The Phosphorus Cycle
Fig. 4-33 p. 82
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The Sulfur Cycle
Fig. 4-34 p. 83
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Case Study

• Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest.
• Study centered on how deforestation affects
  nutrient cycles. The forest consisted of several
  watersheds each drained by a single creek.
  Impervious bedrock was close to the surface,
  which prevented seepage of water from one
  forested hillside, valley, and creek ecosystem to
  another.

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• Conclusions
• An undisturbed mature forest ecosystem is in
  dynamic equilibrium with respect to chemical
  nutrients. Nutrients leaving ecosystem are
  balanced by nutrients entering the ecosystem.
• Inflow and outflow of nutrients was low
  compared to levels of nutrients being recycled
  within the ecosystem.

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• When deforestation occurred, water runoff
  increased. Consequently, soil erosion increased
  which caused a large increase in outflow of
  nutrients from the ecosystem. Increase in
  outflow of nutrients causes water pollution.
• Nutrient loss could be reduced by clearing trees
  and vegetation in horizontal strips. Remaining
  vegetation reduced soil erosion.

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Matter and Energy Review

• Quiz

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1. The Hubbard Brook experiment demonstrated
that (A) nutrient loss could be increased by
clearing trees and vegetation in horizontal
strips. The remaining vegetation reduced soil
erosion. (B) inflow and outflow of nutrients was
high compared to levels of nutrients being
recycled within the ecosystem. (C) when
deforestation occurred, water runoff increased.
Consequently, soil erosion decreased, which
caused large increase in outflow of nutrients
from the ecosystem. (D) an undisturbed mature
forest ecosystem is in dynamic equilibrium with
respect to chemical nutrients. Nutrients leaving
the ecosystem are balanced by nutrients entering
ecosystem. (E) all of the above
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(D) In choice A, horizontal strips would help to
prevent nutrient loss through erosion. In choice
B, inflow and outflow of nutrients was stable
when compared to the level of nutrients being
recycled. In choice C, soil erosion would
increase due to deforestation. Choice D is valid
only in an undisturbed forest ecosystem, which is
the premise of the choice. The Hubbard Brook
Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, the
longest-running forest-ecosystem experiment in
North America, did show that in a disturbed
forest ecosystem, one that had an input of acid
rain, forest soils became depleted of natural
buffering cations such as Ca2 and Mg2 over the
years. Those cations were replaced by hydrogen
and aluminum cations, which resulted in tree
loss.
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2. Which of the following sinks is NOT a primary
depository for the element listed? (A)
Carboncoal (B) Nitrogennitrogen gas in the
atmosphere (C) Phosphorusmarble and
limestone (D) Sulfurdeep ocean deposits (E)
All are correct
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(C) The primary sink for phosphorus is ocean
sediment and certain islands off South America
and the Pacific island nation of Nauru that have
or had high amounts of bird guano.
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3. Burning of fossil fuels coupled with
deforestation increases the amount of. in the
atmosphere. (A) N02 (B) C02 (C) S02
(D) 03 (E) all of the above are correct
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(B) Burning of fossil fuels releases sulfur
oxides (SOx), carbon oxides (COx.carbon dioxide
on complete combustion, carbon monoxide on
incomplete combustion), and nitrogen oxides
(NOX). Ozone is a photochemical oxidant that is
produced in a secondary atmospheric reaction
involving the formation of atomic oxygen through
splitting nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and is not
produced directly by burning fossil fuels.
Deforestation, or the removal and burning of
trees and other vegetation on a large scale
(slash and burn) to expand agricultural or
grazing lands, releases primarily carbon
dioxide. Since the question said "coupled," the
gas that is common to both processes is carbon
dioxide.
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4. In the nitrogen fixation cycle, cyanobacteria
in soil and water and Rhizobium bacteria in root
systems of legumes are responsible for
converting (A) organic material to NH3 and
NH4. (B) NH3, NH4, and NO3- to DNA, amino
acids, and proteins. (C) NH3 and NO2- to
NO3- (D) N2 and H2 to NH3. (E) NH3 to NO2- and
then to NO3-
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(D) This is the first step in the nitrogen cycle
and is called nitrogen fixation. Refer to Step 1
in the nitrogen cycle for details on nitrogen
fixation.
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5. An industrial method used to manufacture
nitrogen-rich fertilizer is known as (A)
nitrogen-fixation process (B) Haber process (C)
ammonium conversion (D) cracking (E)
nitrogen-enrichment
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(B) The industrial production of ammonia through
the Haber process is the same chemical reaction
as nitrogen fixation N2 3H2 - 2NH3. The
differences between the bacterial process and a
process that occurs in factories are the
pressures and temperatures required in the
industrial manufacturing. The production of
ammonia through the Haber process ranks as one of
the most produced chemicals in the world, the
reason being the world's need for fertilizer.
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6. Nitrogen is assimilated in plants in what
form? (A)N02- (B)NH3 (C) NH4 (D) N03- (E)
Choices B, C, and D
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(E) The nitrite ion (NO2-) is toxic to plants. In
the nitrogen cycle, at a step called
assimilation, plant roots can absorb ammonia
(NH3), ammonium ion (NH4) and nitrate ion (NO3-).
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7. Plants primarily assimilate sulfur in what
form? (A) Sulfates (B) Sulfites (C) Hydrogen
sulfide (D) Sulfur dioxide (E) Elemental sulfur
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(A) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide
(SO2) are toxic to living organisms. Most of the
sulfur in the world is stored either in the
elemental form and is extracted using hot steam
through a method called the Frasch process or as
sulfate compounds. Some sulfate compounds are
water soluble, allowing the sulfate anion (SO42-)
to be absorbed by the plant. Free sulfur is not
soluble in water and is not able to be absorbed.
Plants cannot effectively absorb sulfite ions
(SO32-).
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8. Man increases sulfur into the atmosphere and
thereby increases acid deposition by all of the
following activities EXCEPT (A) industrial
processing. (B) processing (smelting) ores to
produce metals. (C) burning coal. (D)
petroleum refining. (E) clear-cutting.
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(E) Clear cutting produces carbon dioxide (CO2),
not SOx.
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9. Phosphorus is being added to the environment
by all of the following activities EXCEPT (A)
runoff from feedlots. (B) clear cutting in
tropical areas. (C) stream runoff. (D)
burning coal and petroleum. (E) mining to
produce inorganic fertilizer.
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(D) Animal manure and bird guano are rich in
phosphate. In the tropics, most of the nutrients
are contained within the trees and vegetation,
with little being retained in the soil.
Phosphorus therefore would be released back into
the environment by clear cutting. It would then
be subject to runoff. Mining phosphates for
fertilizer and industrial products takes
phosphorus out of sinks and puts it into the
environment for cycling. Burning coal and
petroleum does not add appreciable phosphorus to
the environment.
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10. Carbon dioxide is a reactant in (A)
photosynthesis. (B) cellular respiration. (C)
Haber process. (D) nitrogen-fixation. (E) none
of the above.
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Photosynthesis is written as 6CO2 (g) 12H2O
(1) Light Energy gt C6H12O6 (aq) 6CO2 (g)
6H20 Cellular respiration is the reverse
reactionC6H12O6 (aq) 6O2 (g) 6H2O - 6CO2
12H2O (1) ATP Energy
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11. Human activity adds significant amounts of
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by all of the
following EXCEPT (A) brush clearing. (B)
burning wood. (C) burning petroleum. (D) clear
cutting. (E) agricultural runoff.
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(E) Agricultural runoff, primarily from
fertilizers and feedlots, adds nitrates and
phosphates to streams. All other choices involve
combustion, which produces carbon dioxide.
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12. Clearing of land for either habitation or
agriculture does all of the following EXCEPT (A)
increases runoff. (B) increases flood
risks. (C) increases potential for
landslides. (D) increases infiltration. (E)
accelerates soil erosion.
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(D) Infiltration is the movement of water into
the soil. Removing vegetation decreases
infiltration by not allowing water to percolate
slowly through the soil. Removing vegetation will
increase runoff since water cannot be absorbed by
the soil fast enough. Since runoff is increased,
the potential for floods increase. Since floods
and runoff increase, the soil can become
saturated and lose its integrity and result in a
landslide. Runoff carries with it topsoil and
nutrients thus accelerating soil erosion.
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13. All the following have an impact on the
nitrogen cycle EXCEPT (A) the application of
inorganic fertilizers applied to the soil. (B)
the action of aerobic bacteria acting on
livestock wastes. (C) the overplanting of
nitrogen- rich crops. (D) the discharge of
municipal sewage. (E) the burning of most fuels.
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(B) The bacteria that "digest" livestock wastes
are anaerobes and operate only in anaerobic
environments (no free oxygen). They produce
nitrous oxide (N2O). Other bacteria can be used
to generate methane gas from animal manure in
what is known as a "digester." In this process,
anaerobic digestion is a two-part process and
each part is performed by a specific group of
organisms. The first part is the breakdown of
complex organic matter (manure) into simple
organic compounds by acid-forming
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bacteria. The second group of microorganisms, the
methane formers, break down the acids into
methane and carbon dioxide. This methane gas can
then be used for heating. Inorganic fertilizers
lose up to 80 of their nitrogen to the
atmosphere through denitrification caused by
bacterial action. Municipal sewage and
nitrogen-rich crops release nitrogen into the
environment. Burning most fuels assumes that
fossil fuels, which produce (NOx), are included.
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14. A macronutrient essential to the formation of
proteins.
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15. A micronutrient that is a component of
several enzymes and involved in enzymatic
reduction of nitrates to ammonia. It assists in
conversion of inorganic phosphate to organic
form. In plants, it improves nodule formation and
fixation of nitrogen. It assists protein
formation and is required for the synthesis and
activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase (reduces
nitrates to ammonium in the plant.)
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MACRONUTRIENTS (MAKE UP MORE THAN 0.2 OF DRY
WEIGHT)
Nutrient Role
Calcium Principal skeletal mineral in bones and teeth, muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve function, intracellular regulation, extracellular enzyme cofactor, blood clotting, and blood pressure. Involved in formation of cell walls. Participates in translocation of sugars. In plants, it improves fruit and nut formation. Root and leaf development. Involved in uptake of other nutrients. Improves postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables. Aids in the control of certain fungal and bacterial diseases.
Carbon Forms carbohydrates with oxygen and hydrogen. Carbon is a major component of organic molecules, which are the building blocks of all organisms.
Hydrogen Hydrogen is a major component of organic molecules, which are the building blocks of all organisms.
Nitrogen Involved in making proteins.
Oxygen Oxygen is a major component of organic molecules, which are the building blocks of all organisms.
Phosphorus Acid-base balance, DNA/RNA structure, energy, and enzyme cofactor. Found in every cell.
Potassium Protein synthesis, fluid balance, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission.
Sodium Acid-base balance and fluid retention. Involved in nerve impulse transmission.
Sulfur Component of biotin, thiamin, insulin, and some amino acids. Involved in formation of nodules and chlorophyll synthesis a structural component of amino acids and enzymes. In plants, it improves cold resistance and disease resistance. Assists decomposition of crop residue. Involved hi protein formation and uptake of other nutrients.
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MICRONUTRIENTS OR TRACE ELEMENTS (MAKE UP LESS THAN 0.2 OF DRY WEIGHT) MICRONUTRIENTS OR TRACE ELEMENTS (MAKE UP LESS THAN 0.2 OF DRY WEIGHT)
Nutrient Role
Aluminum A micronutrient required for proper development and growth in plants. Requirements in human nutrition have not been established.
Boron Involved in formation of cell walls, terminal buds, and pollen tubes, Participates in regulation of starch production and translocation of sugars and starches. In plants, it improves quality and disease resistance. Involved in seed, flower, and fruit formation.
Chlorine Fluid balance, aids digestion in stomach.
Chromium Energy release, sugar and fat metabolism, potentiates the action of \ insulin.
Cobalt As a component of vitamin B12, aids in nerve function and blood formation.
Copper Absorption of iron, part of many enzymes. Involved in photosynthetic and respiration systems. Assists chlorophyll synthesis and used as reaction catalyst. In plants, it improves nitrogen utilization. Involved in protein formation and root metabolism
Fluorine Bone and teeth formation decreases dental caries.
Iodine Component of the hormone thyroxin, which aids in metabolism regulation and fetal development.
Iron Hemoglobin formation in red blood cells, myoglobin formation in muscle, oxygen carrier, energy utilization. Involved in respiration and chlorophyll synthesis. In plants, it improves plant appearance. Required for vigorous growth.
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Magnesium Bone mineralization, protein synthesis, enzymatic reactions, muscular contraction, nerve transmission. Involved in photosynthetic and respiration system. Active in uptake of phosphate and translocation of phosphate and starches. In plants, it improves seed production and formation of seed oil and fat. Involved in uptake of other nutrients.
Manganese Involved in regulation of enzymes and growth hormones. Assists in photosynthesis and respiration. In plants, it improves germination and hastens maturity. Involved in uptake of carbon, magnesium, and phosphorous. Manganese is important in resistance development to both root and foliar diseases caused by fungi.
Molybdenum Component of a several enzymes and involved in enzymatic reduction of nitrates to ammonia. Assists in conversion of inorganic phosphate to organic form. In plants, it improves nodule formation and fixation of nitrogen. Assists protein formation. Required for the synthesis and activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase (reduces nitrates to ammonium in the plant).
Selenium Protects against oxidation.
MICRONUTRIENTS OR TRACE ELEMENTS (MAKE UP LESS
THAN 0.2 OF DRY WEIGHT) (continued)
Nutrient Role
Silicon Promotes the synthesis of collagen and formation of bone.
Vanadium Involved in enzyme activities in the body.
Zinc Transport of vitamin A, taste, wound healing, sperm production, fetal development. Plays a part in many enzymes, hormones (insulin), genetic material, and proteins. Involved in production of growth hormones and chlorophyll. Active in respiration and carbohydrate synthesis. In plants, it improves plant appearance, seed production and absorption of water. Involved in protein and carbohydrate formation.
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Energy Multiple-Choice Questions
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16. Which of the following forms of energy is a
renewable resource? (A) Synthetic oil (B)
Breeder fission (C) Biomass (D) Oil shale (E)
Synthetic natural gas
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(C) Renewable resources are those resources that
theoretically will last indefinitely either
because they are replaced naturally at a higher
rate than they are consumed or because their
source is essentially inexhaustible. Biomass can
either be the burning of wood and agricultural
wastes or urban wastes that can be incinerated.
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17. Which of the following forms of energy has a
low long-term (next 50 years) estimated
availability? (A) Low-temperature heating from
solar energy (B) Synthetic oil and alcohols
from coal (C) Photovoltaic production of
electricity (D) Coal (E) Petroleum
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(E) At the current rate of consumption, global
oil reserves are only expected to last another 45
to 50 years. With projections of increased
consumption in the near future, this figure will
be even lower.
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18. Which of the following forms of energy is
characteristic of having high net useful
energy?(A) Tar sands(B) Wind energy(C)
Fission(D) Synthetic natural gas(E) Geothermal
energy
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(B) Net useful energy is defined as the total
amount of useful energy available from an energy
resource over its lifetime minus the amount of
energy used (first law of thermodynamics), wasted
(second law of thermodynamics), and used in
processing and transporting it to the end-user.
Wind energy is essentially an unlimited resource
in favorable sites.
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19. Which of the following alternatives would not
lead to a sustainable energy future? (A) Phase
out nuclear power subsidies. (B) Create policies
to encourage governments to purchase renewable
energy devices. (C) Assess penalties or taxes
on continued use of coal and oil. (D) Decrease
fuel-efficiency standards for cars, appliances,
and HVAC systems. (E) Create tax incentives for
independent power producers.
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(D) The key word in the question is "not." To
foster a sustainable energy future, one would
have to increase fuel-efficiency standards for
cars, appliances, and HVAC (heating, ventilation
and air-conditioning) systems.
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20. At today's rate of consumption, known U.S.
oil reserves will be depleted (A) in
approximately 100 years. (B) in approximately 50
years. (C) in approximately 25 years. (D) in
approximately 10 years. (E) in approximately 3
years.
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(C) World oil demand is increasing at a rate of
about 2 per year. Known U.S. oil reserves are
projected to last about another 25 years.
Potential reserves (Alaskan Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge for example) might extend the
estimate another 25 years.
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21. Which country currently ranks number one in
both coal reserves and use of coal as an energy
source? (A) Russia (B) United States (C)
China (D) India (E) Brazil
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(C) China gets approximately 75 of its energy
from coal. Coal supplies over half of the fuel
source to generate electricity in the United
States. Utilities are the largest users of coal
in the United States.
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22. The lowest average generating cost (cents per
kilowatt-hour) comes from what energy
source? (A) Large hydroelectric facilities (B)
Geothermal (C) Nuclear (D) Solar
photovoltaics (E) Coal
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(A) Nonrenewable resources of energy (natural
gas, oil, etc.) have had recent and dramatic
price increases which have resulted in major
increases in the cost of electricity. In the
United States, this began in 2001 in California.
Renewable resources of energy (hydroelectric and
wind) provide the least expensive energy source
for producing electricity. With increases in
technology and production, wind energy is
expected to be competitive in price with energy
supplied by hydroelectric power plants.
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23. The fastest-growing renewable energy resource
today is (A) nuclear energy. (B) coal. (C)
wind. (D) large scale hydroelectric plants. (E)
geothermal energy.
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(C) During the 1990s, wind power experienced a
growth of 22 per year. Wind power supplies less
than 2 of the energy used in the United States,
primarily because it is a new industry. The
country that is the largest user of wind power is
Denmark, with 8 of its electricity being
generated by the wind. Germany, Spain, and India
are also large wind power users. China has enough
potential wind power sites (especially in Inner
Mongolia) to provide all that country's
electricity needs.
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24. The least efficient energy conversion device
listed is the (A) steam turbine (B) fuel
cell (C) fluorescent light (D) incandescent
light (E) internal combustion engine
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(D) An incandescent light bulb is only 5
efficient, as compared to a fluorescent light at
around 22 efficiency. A hydrogen fuel cell is
approximately 60 efficient. The average current
internal combustion engine, fueled by gasoline,
is around 10 efficient. The United States wastes
as much energy each day as two thirds of the
world consumes.
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25. Which is NOT an advantage of using nuclear
fusion? (A) Abundant fuel supply (B) No
generation of weapons- grade material (C) No air
pollution (D) No high-level nuclear waste or
generation of weapons material (E) All are
advantages.
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(E) The major fuel used in fusion reactors,
deuterium, could be readily extracted from
ordinary water, which is available to all
nations. The surface waters of the Earth contain
more than 10 million million tons of deuterium,
an essentially inexhaustible supply. The tritium
required would be produced from lithium, which is
available from land deposits or from seawater
that contains thousands of years' supply. The
worldwide availability of these materials would
thus eliminate many current international tensions
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caused by an imbalance in fuel supply. The
amounts of deuterium and tritium in the fusion
reaction zone would be so small that a large
uncontrolled release of energy would be
impossible. In the event of a malfunction, the
plasma would strike the walls of its containment
vessel and cool. Since no fossil fuels are used,
there would be no release of chemical combustion
products because they would not be produced.
Similarly, there would be no fission products
formed to present a handling and disposal
problem. Radioactivity would be produced by
neutrons interacting with the reactor structure,
but careful materials selection would be expected
to minimize the handling and ultimate disposal of
activated materials. And finally, the materials
and by-products of fusion are not suitable for
use in the production of nuclear weapons.
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26. Given the following choices, which one has
the greatest ability to perform useful work
(high-quality energy)? (A) Coal (B) Oil (C)
Solar (D) Wind (E) Electricity
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(E) High-quality energy is defined as energy that
is intense, concentrated and capable of
performing useful work. Low-quality energy is
diffused, dispersed, and low in temperature. Coal
and oil have waste products, which means they are
not totally concentrated. Solar and wind are
diffuse, and the energy produced from them at
this time is relatively low power. Electricity is
pure, concentrated energy.
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27. Only about 10 of the potential energy of
gasoline is used in powering an automobile. The
remaining energy is lost into space as
low-quality heat. This is an example of the (A)
First Law of Thermodynamics. (B) Second Law of
Thermodynamics. (C) Law of Conservation of
Energy. (D) first-law efficiency. (E)
second-law efficiency.
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(B) The Second Law of Energy or Thermodynamics
states that when energy is changed from one form
to another, some of the useful energy is always
degraded to lower-quality, more-dispersed
(higher-entropy), and less-useful form of energy.
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28. The Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy
states that matter can neither be created nor
destroyed and that the total energy of an
isolated system is constant despite internal
changes. Which society offers the best long-term
solution to theconstraints of this law? (A)
Low-throughput society (B) High-throughput
society (C) Matter-recycling society (D)
Free-market society (E) Global market society
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(A) A low-throughput society also known as a
low-waste society or Earth-Wisdom society focuses
on matter and energy efficiency. The society
accomplishes this by Reusing and recycling
nonrenewable matter resources, Using
potentially renewable resources no faster than
they are replenished, Using matter and energy
resources efficiently, Reducing unnecessary
consumption, Emphasizing pollution prevention
and waste reduction, Controlling population
growth.
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29. Which of the following methods CANNOT be used
to produce hydrogen gas? (A) Reforming (B)
Thermolysis (C) Producing it from plants (D)
Coal gasification (E) All are methods of
producing hydrogen gas
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(E) Reforming is a chemical process of splitting
water molecules. Thermolysis uses extremely high
temperatures to break water molecules apart.
Hydrogen gas can be produced from algae by
depriving the algae of oxygen and sulfur. Coal
gasification is the conversion of coal into
synthetic natural gas (SNG). The SNG can then be
converted into hydrogen gas.
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30. Energy derived from fossil fuels supplies
what percent of the world's energy needs? (A)
10 (B) 33 (C) 50 (D) 85 (E) 97
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(D) Oil supplies approximately 36, coal around
26, and natural gas around 23. The remaining
15 of the world's energy comes from (a) nuclear,
solar, wind and hydropower at a total of around
9 and (b) wood, peat, charcoal, and biomass at
arounda total of 6.