Food additives growth promoters: improve the production traits of healthy animals

1
Food additives growth promoters improve the
production traits of healthy animals

• Antibiotics produces by other microorganisms,
  fungi that protect the growth of bacteria
• reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria (E.
  coli, Salmonella sp., etc.), prevent the
  infection of the digestive tract,
• increase the absorptive capacity of the small
  intestine (decrease the thickness of the
  intestinal wall)
• reduce the competition of bacteria with the host
  (bacteria ferment the nutrients before digestion)
• they have been used mainly in pig and poultry
  nutrition
• their widespread use could cause the ability of
  certain strains to be resistant to many
  antibiotics
• therefore in the EU the use of antibiotic growth
  promoters has been restricted since 2000

2

• Probiotics live microbial food supplement
• containing mostly lactic acid producing bacteria
• by reducing the pH in the intestine, reducing the
  numbers of harmful bacteria (competitive
  exclusion)
• enhance immune competence
• are heat sensitive (pelleting)

3

• Prebiotics oligosaccharides (2-20
  monosacharides) that modify the balance of the
  microfloral population by promoting the growth of
  the beneficial bacteria
• can be fermented by the favourable bacteria
• decreasing the attachment of harmful bacteria
  with the gut wall
• galactooligosaccharides (GOS) (legume seeds)
• fructooligosaccharides (FOS) (cereal grains)
• mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) (yeast cell walls)
• Symbiotics contain both probiotics and
  prebiotics
• Organic acids (lactic acid, formic acid, fumaric
  acid, citric acid, propionic acid etc.)
• stabilise the intestinal microflora by decreasing
  the pH
• can be effective in early weaned, young animals
• incorporated into the diet (6-25 g/kg) or into
  the drinking water

4

• Enzymes
• as a result of advances in biotechnology, more
  effective enzyme preparations can be produced
  relatively inexpensively
• supplement the insufficient enzyme secretion of
  young animals (amylase, protease, lipase etc.)
• can improve the availability of plant storage
  polysaccharides (starch, oils and proteins) by
  degrading the cell wall content like cellulose by
  the enzyme cellulase (5-10 improvement can be
  achieved in poultry and pig trials)
• destroy ant-nutritive materials that interfere
  with the digestion and utilisation of nutrients
  (glucanase, xylanase destroy cereal cell wall
  compounds, ß-glucans and arabinoxylans)
• phytase releases phosphorous and other minerals
  from phytic acid in cereals and oilseeds (greater
  availability of minerals, less need for inorganic
  phosphorous, beneficial effect on the
  environment)
• Flavory materials (sugars, vanilla, canella
  etc.)
• increase the feed intake
• can be effective mostly in young intensively
  growing animals
• their effect depends on the flavour sensation of
  different animal species

5
Effect of ?-glucanase enzyme supplementation on
the growth of broiler chicks
control enzyme
wheat content of the diet
6

• Plant extracts, essential plant oils (sage,
  peppermint, garlic, thyme etc.)
• can be used for the partial replacement of
  antibiotics
• complex effects (flavour materials,
  antimicrobial compounds, antioxidants etc.)
• the products in the practice are mostly the
  mixture of different plant extracts and oils
• their market share is increasing in Europe
• b., other food additives
• NPN materials (urea, ammonium salts)
• can be used in ruminant animal nutrition
• mostly in low milk producing cows, beef cattle
• they are strict rules for using them
• Toxin binders used for binding mycotoxins
  (zearalenon (F2) T2 toxin ochratoxin,
  deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins, aflatoxin
  etc.), decrease their absorption
• aluminium silicates (bentonit)
• glucomannans (yeast cell wall extracts)
• they efficiency is toxin dependent
• bind also some minerals and nutrients

7

• crystallinene amino acids
• L lysine
• DL methionine
• in the near future threonine, tryptophan and
  arginine will also be available in the feed
  industry
• for ruminants must be fed in by pass form
  (covering by fatty acids, protecting against the
  bacterial degradation)
• can be optimise the amino acid composition of
  food proteins
• can be decreased the protein content of diets
• the price of compound feeds can be cheaper
• decrease the N-excretion
• colour materials carotenoids (zeaxanthin,
  lutein, licophin, capsanthin etc.)
• egg yolk
• skin, the fat below the skin
• using is synthetic colour compounds is limited
  in the EU
• antioxidants protecting vitamins and fatty acids
  from the oxidation
• synthetic antioxidants
• etoxi-methil-quinolin (EMQ)
• butil-hidroxi-toluol (BHT)
• natural antioxidants (vit. E, vit. C, carotenes
  etc.)
• they need depends on the fat and unsaturated
  fatty acid content of the diet.

8
Investigation the in vitro binding efficiency of
different toxin adsorbents on mycotoxins and
microelements
OBJECTIVES The main goal of this research was to
determine the in vitro binding efficiency of some
toxin binders for different mycotoxins and
microelements
METHODS Five different commercial adsorbents
(Zeolit, Toxy-Nil, Redutox, Mycofix 3.E and
Mycosorb) were tested in 4 replicates for
ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZON), T-2 toxin
and deoxynivalenol (DON). Besides testing the
toxin binding efficiency, the effect of
adsorbents on the iron, copper, manganese and
zinc was also determined. The in vitro model
employed simulated the in vivo conditions (pH,
transit time) of the poultry gastrointestinal
tract. The amounts of adsorbents, purified toxins
and microelements were determined according to
their practical occurrence or recommendations.
9
(No Transcript)
10

11

• CONCLUSIONS
• The binding efficiency of the investigated
  adsorbents was toxin dependent. The highest
  values were found for ZON (57-69), while the
  lowest for DON (25-30). The highest difference
  among adsorbents was found in the case of OTA
  (27-42). Binding affinity for T-2 toxin ranged
  between 27 and 37.
• Zeolite bound zinc at 11, the other 3
  microelements in a significant higher ratio
  (34-44). The other adsorbents showed lower, but
  still significant affinity for the microelements
  12,5-16,5 for cupper, 5-17 for zinc, 6-14 for
  iron and 6,5-22,7 for manganese.
• From the results it can be concluded, that the
  efficacy of toxin binders used in this experiment
  is only limited for ZON, DON, OTA and T-2 toxin
  and they can bind beside mycotoxins also
  significant amount of micro nutrients. Further in
  vitro and in vivo studies needed to determine the
  toxin binder specific mineral and vitamin
  supplementations of poultry diets, if these types
  of feed additives are used.