American Literature English III Honors Edgar Allen Poe

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American Literature

• English III Honors

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Essential Questions

• What is the relationship between place and
  literature?
• How does literature shape or reflect society?
• What makes American literature American?

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Unit 1 The New World

• Focus on the earliest American literature.
  Puritanism and issues of settlement are the main
  focus of this unit.
• Objectives
• Identify emerging themes in early American
  literature
• Explain the First Great Awakening and how it
  affected religious belief in Colonial America
• Identify and explain elements of Puritan
  literature
• Compare and contrast the experiences of Americas
  earliest settlers
• Explain the role of religion in early American
  life

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Unit 1 The New World

• Reading Assignment 1 (Native
  American Legends)
• Everyone reads pages 2-16
• Group 1 The Earth on Turtles Back (20)
• Group 2 When Grizzlies Walked Upright (24)
• Group 3 The Navajo Origin Legend (27)

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Unit 1 The New World

• Reflecting on the reading
• Identification Significance Puritans,
  Pilgrims, Planters, Enlightenment, The Great
  Awakening, Revolution, Native Americans, African
  Americans
• Themes Creating a Nation, Wilderness, Community,
  Individualism

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Unit 1 The New World

• Native American Origin Stories
• The Earth on Turtles Back
• When Grizzlies Walked Upright
• The Navajo Origin Legend
• In groups
• -Find a creative way to tell the story to your
  class
• -Identify the purpose of this story
• -Lead the class in a discussion of the storys
  purpose and significance

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Unit 1 The New World

• Identify Similarities among the Origin Stories
• Do you think the patterns, symbols, or character
  types are archetypes common to all three
  cultures? Explain.

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Unit 1 The New World

• A few ideas to consider
• The Puritan ethic of hard work and self
  discipline remained a basic American value
  (Wiggins). Is it still an American value?
• How did Native, European, and African cultures
  intersect in the new world? How did this
  intersection affect literature?
• What are the emerging themes in American
  literature? Why these themesin other words what
  is the stimulus for these ideas? Consider the
  idea of a new Eden and the American dream.

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Of Plymouth Plantationby William Bradford

• Reading Quiz!
• What is his purpose?
• What is revealed about the Pilgrims through this
  description?
• How can we describe and analyze Bradfords
  writing style?
• Consider the essential questions. (next
  slide)

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Essential Questions

• What is the relationship between place and
  literature?
• How does literature shape or reflect society?
• What makes American literature American?

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Anne Bradstreet

• b.1612 - d.1672
• 1630 left England with husband and parents for
  Massachusets Bay Colony
• father became Governor of the colony
• 1650 her brother-in-law published her poetry in
  England without her knowledgefirst published
  volume of literature written by a colonist
• later work was published posthumously in 1678

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Poetry of Anne Bradstreet

• Reflects the Puritans knowledge of the Bible and
  their concern for the relationship between
  earthly and heavenly life
• Later works, such as To My Dear and Loving
  Husband, are considered her best and most
  personal works
• Written in the Puritan Plain Style
• Characterized by short words and direct
  statements

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Poetry of Anne Bradstreet

• from The Prologue
• I am obnoxious to each carping tongue
• Who says my hand a needle better fits,
• A poets pen all scorn I should thus wrong,
• For such despite they cast on female wits
• If what I do prove well, it wont advance,
• Theyll say its stoln, or else it was by
  chance.
• contempt

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Poetry of Anne Bradstreet

• To My Dear and Loving Husband (76)
• Discuss Puritan Plain Style as it applies to this
  poem.
• Discuss the poetic aspects of the poemhow do
  these relate to the tone, mood, and theme of the
  poem?
• What does this poem reveal about Bradstreet?
  What does it reveal about Puritan beliefs?

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Phillis Wheatley

• b.1754? d.1784
• 1761 she was taken from West Africa and brought
  to America where she was sold to the Wheatley
  family of Boston
• converted to Christianity
• although a slave, she was taught to read the
  Bible and classic literature, also encouraged to
  write
• her Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and
  Moral were published in England in 1773most
  likely the first book ever published by a black
  American
• gained freedom and married John Peters

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Poetry of Phillis Wheatley

• Influenced by Bible and Classical Mythology
• Allusions to mythological characters/gods
  goddesses
• Creates characters in the image of mythological
  gods goddesses
• Wrote in Heroic Couplets
• Sequence of rhyming couplets (pairs of lines)
• Each couplet is a complete thought
• Written in Iambic Pentameter (5 pairs of stressed
  and unstressed syllables)

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Poetry of Phillis Wheatley

• To His Excellency, General Washington (125)
• Listen to the letter enclosed with the poem to
  General Washington.
• Discuss the poem as a heroic couplet. How does
  this poetic form help you read and understand the
  poem?
• Discuss the qualities Wheatley attributes to
  Washington. Are these qualities representative
  of typical American values? Explain.

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Poetry of Bradstreet Wheatley

• Consider other poems by these remarkable women
  poetsbe sure to relate the poems to your prior
  knowledge of these poets and the essential
  questions.
• What is the relationship between place and
  literature?
• How does literature shape or reflect society?
• What makes American literature American?

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from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry Godby
Jonathan Edwards

• Sermon as an example of oratory
• Example of a fire and brimstone sermon
• Sermons
• Are persuasive
• Address the needs and concerns of the audience
• Appeal to emotion
• Include expressive or rhythmic language
• Allude to the Bible (and sometimes mythology,
  history, and other archetypes)

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Sermon as Rhetoric

• Rhetoric is defined as the art of using words to
  persuade
• Rhetorical Triangle

Speaker/Ethos
Listener/Pathos
Message/Logos
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from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry Godby
Jonathan Edwards

• What is Edwards purpose?
• Who is his audience?
• How does he appeal to logos (What are his logical
  appeals)?
• How does he appeal to pathos (What are his
  emotional appeals)?
• How does he appeal to ethos (What gives him
  credibility)?
• What modes of discourse does he use?description,
  narration, exposition (comparison, cause
  effect, contrast, classification, division,
  definition)
• What other rhetorical devises are
  used?parallelism, restatement, repetition,
  analogy

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The Crucibleby Arthur Miller

• What did your research reveal?
• How do the following names and terms apply?
• Joseph McCarthy Marilyn Monroe
• McCarthyism The Misfits
• All My Sons witch hunts
• Death of a Salesman Communism
• Salem, Massachusetts Witch Trials

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The Crucibleby Arthur Miller

• Read the background
• Author pages 1118-1119
• In the authors own words pages 1120-1121
• The play pages 1124-1125

Act 1 page 1126 Act 2 page 1161 Act 3 page
1187 Act 4 page 1217
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The Crucible Reading Quiz 1

• Classroom Discussion
• 1. Who is the author of The Crucible?
• 2. Briefly define McCarthyism.
• 3. To which famous actress was the author of The
  Crucible married?
• 4. Name one drama, other than The Crucible,
  written by this same author.
• Background Reading
• 5. In what year is The Crucible set?
• 6. Name the container in which metals are melted
  or fused at his temperatures.
• 7. Is the drama, The Crucible, historically
  accurate? YES NO
• Overture
• 8. Did the people of Salem Village consider it
  bad manners to mind other peoples business?
  YES NO Explain.
• 9. Where did the Salem folk consider the
  Devils last preserve to be located?
• 10. The people of Salem believed, in short,
  that they held in their steady hands the candle
  that would light the _________________.

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The Crucible

• Is it an allegory?
• There were, as far as on can tell, no actual
  witches or devil-worshipers in Salem. However,
  there were certainly Communists in 1950s
  America. Some victims of McCarthyism were in
  the pay of the Soviet Union, but many who were
  accused suffered false accusations. So, no it
  isnt an allegory.
• Is it historical?
• No, its not entirely historically factual.
  Events correspond to the happenings in 1962
  Salem, but the characters are composites. And,
  the affair between proctor and Abigail is
  fictitious. All for dramatic purpose.

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Crucible Journal(After reading Act 1)

• What seem to be the motivating factors Miller
  presents in Act 1? How does he establish the
  hysteria at the root of the Salem Witch Trials?
  As an audience how do you relate to the
  charactershate any? sympathize with any? love
  any? If you have any other thoughts on Act 1,
  you may address those as well.

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Think about it

• The crucible introduces a community full of
  underlying personal grudges. Religion pervades
  every aspect of life, but it is a religion that
  lacks a ritual outlet to manage emotions such as
  anger, jealousy, or resentment.
• Do you agree or disagree with this assessment?

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The Crucible Reading Quiz 2 (Act 1)

• Let him look to medicine and put out all thought
  of unnatural causes here. There be none. Who is
  the him mentioned here?
• Who says, There is a faction that is sworn to
  drive me from my pulpit?
• Who says, I have laid seven babies unbaptized in
  the earth?
• You drank bloodYou didnt tell him that! Who
  is referred to with the pronoun you?
• Who says, Let either of you breathe a word, or
  the edge of a word, about the other things, and I
  will come to you in the black of some terrible
  night?

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The Crucible Reading Quiz 2 (Act 1)

• 6. Who says, Abby, I never give you hope to wait
  for me?
• 7. Who says, Bettyll wake when she tires of
  it?
• 8. Who says, We cannot look to superstition in
  this. The Devil is precise?
• 9. How can it be the Devil? Why would he choose
  my house to strike? Who is referred to with the
  pronoun my?
• 10. Abigail says, She made me do it! She made
  Betty do it! Who is she?

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Act 1

• Overture (a piece of music played before the
  curtain goes upintroduces melodies to be heard
  later)
• What might Miller be suggesting by this
  reference?
• What does Miller suggest about the people of
  Salem and their religion and politics in the
  Overture?
• What reasons does Miller suggest for why the
  witch hunts began and developed into the mass
  hysteria we associate with Salem today?

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The Crucible Theme (fundamental and universal
ideas explored in literature)

• The Crucible is best read outside its historical
  contextas a powerful and timeless depiction of
  how intolerance and hysteria can intersect and
  tear a community apart.
• What can be learned from these fundamental ideas
  explored in The Crucible?
• Intolerance
• Hysteria
• Reputation

Are there other themes we should consider?
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The Crucible and Motifs(recurring structures
that can help inform the themes)

• How are these motifs developed and used in The
  Crucible?
• Empowerment
• Accusations (guilt by association)
• Confessions
• Legal Proceedings

Are there other motifs we should consider?
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The Crucible and Symbols(objects, characters,
figures, colors used to represent abstract ideas)

• So, what do these symbols represent?
• Crucible
• Witch Trials
• Forest

What other symbols should we consider?
34
The Crucible and Theocracy

• Theocracy form of government by God (or through
  a priestly order)
• In a theocracy, part of the states role is
  policing belief. Therefore, there is a good deal
  of pressure on the average citizen to inform on
  the blasphemous speech and actions of his or
  her neighbors in the name of Christian duty.

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The Crucible The Tragic Hero

• flawed figure who finds his moral center just as
  everything is falling to pieces around him
• His downfall is usually due to excessive pride
  (hubris)
• He is doomed from the start, he bears no
  responsibility for possessing his tragic flaw,
  but bears responsibility for his actions.
• He has discovered fate by his own actions, and
  not by things happening to him
• He is usually a king, a leader of men his fate
  affects the welfare of a whole nation or number
  of people. Peasants do not inspire pity and fear
  as great men do. The sudden fall from greatness
  to nothing provides a sense of contrast.
• The suffering of the hero must not be senseless
  it must have meaning!
• The hero of classical tragedies is almost always
  male

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Crucible Journal(After Reading Act 2)

• What are the conflicts that exist in the play?
  From where do these conflicts stem? Do you
  believe these conflicts can be resolved? Who has
  the ability to influence the community to solve
  its problems?
• Also, what are your reactions to the events in
  Act 2?

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The Crucible Reading Quiz 3 (Act 2)

• What is the setting of Act 2?
• Who says, I mean to please you Elizabeth?
• Mary Warren says, I made a gift for you today
  Goody Proctor. What is this gift?
• Who says, I am a stranger here, as you know. And
  in my ignorance I find it hard to draw a clear
  opinion of them that come accused before the
  court?
• I see no light of God in that man. What man is
  Proctor speaking of here?

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The Crucible Reading Quiz 3 (Act 2)

• 6. Who says, There be no love for Satan in this
  house, Mister?
• 7. Hale says, They have confessed it. Who
  responds with this logic And why not, if they
  must hang for denyin it? There are them that
  will swear to anything before theyll hang have
  you never thought of that?
• 8. Who says, Question Abigail Williams about the
  Gospel, not myself!?
• 9. Proctor says, Pontius Pilate! God will not
  let you wash your hands of this! Who does her
  refer to as Pontius Pilate?
• 10. Who says, We are only what we always were,
  but naked now?

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Consider Theme, Motif, SymbolAny to add?

• Themes intolerance, hysteria, reputation,
  hypocrisy
• Motifs empowerment, accusations, confessions,
  legal proceedings
• Symbols crucible, witch trials, forest

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Act 3 Think about it

• Act 3 is filled with arguments. Consider who is
  arguing what. Make a list of the characters,
  their arguments, their evidence, and their
  motivations. Prepare to analyze these arguments.

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The Crucible Reading Quiz 4 (Act 3)

• Who said, And do you know that near to four
  hundred are in the jails from Marblehead to Lynn,
  and upon my signature?
• Which of the girls confesses to the pretense of
  their accusations and actions?
• Who said, Remember what the angel Raphael said
  to the boy TobiasDo that which is good, and no
  harm shall come to thee?
• Who points out, There is a prodigious fear of
  this court in the country?
• Who threatens Danforth with these words Let you
  beware, Mr. Danforth. Think you to be so mighty
  that the power of Hell may not turn your wits?
  Beware of it!?

42
The Crucible Reading Quiz 4 (Act 3)

• 6. Who confesses, I have known her, sir. I have
  known her?
• 7. Whose spirit comes in the form of a yellow
  bird?
• 8. Who does Mary Warren identify as the Devils
  man?
• 9. Who says, God damns our kind especially, and
  we will burn, we will burn together?
• 10. Who says, I denounce these proceedings, I
  quit this court!?

43
Irony Argument

• In your groups, identify examples of each of the
  following from Act 3cite the exact lines!
• Situational Irony
• Verbal Irony
• Dramatic Irony
• Logosappeal to logic
• Pathosappeal to emotion
• Ethosethical appeal (credibility)
• Logical Fallacy (2 examples)
• Be prepared to discuss your findings and defend
  your answers.

44
The Crucible and Theocracy

• What evidence of theocracy do you see in Act 3?
• How are Danforths claims based on theocratic
  governmental practices?
• How does Proctor challenge this?

45
Think about itdo you agree or disagree?

• Proctor mistakes the court proceedings for
  an actual search for the guilty, when, in fact,
  the proceedings are better described as a power
  struggle.

46
The Crucible JournalAfter Reading Act 4

• Analyze the ending of the The Crucible. What
  effect does the witch hunt have on Salem and
  its people? Are you satisfied with the ending?
  Do you think Miller makes his point? Explain.

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The Crucible Reading Quiz 5 (Act 4)

• What is the setting of Act 4?
• Who says, Devil, him be pleasure man in
  Barbados?
• Who tells the court, Danforth, that Abigail has
  run away?
• Who says, I cannot pardon these when twelve are
  already hanged for the same crime. It is not
  just?
• Who says, I come to do the Devils work, I come
  to counsel Christians they should belie
  themselves?

48
The Crucible Reading Quiz 5 (Act 4)

• 6. Who is pressed to death?
• 7. Who says, I speak my own sins I cannot judge
  another?
• 8. Who says, Damn the village! I confess to God,
  and God has seen my name on this! It is enough
  just before he tears his own confession?
• 9. Who says, How may I live without my name? I
  have given you my soul leave me my name!?
• 10. Who says, He have his goodness now. God
  forbid I take it from him?

49
The Crucible Act 4

• Is this true?
• Clearly, the most important issue for the
  officials of the court is the preservation of
  their reputations and the integrity of the court.
  As a theocratic institution, the court
  represents divine, as well as secular, justice.
  To admit to twelve mistaken hangings would be to
  question divine justice and the very foundation
  of the state and of human life.

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Consider Theme, Motif, SymbolAny to add?

• Themes intolerance, hysteria, reputation,
  hypocrisy, justice, theocracy, personal
  responsibility, fear, jealousy
• How are these developed?
• Motifs empowerment, accusations, confessions,
  legal proceedings
• Symbols crucible, witch trials, forest, poppet,
  yellow bird, Proctor

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Is The Crucible a tragedy?

• What defines this play as a tragedy?
• Is it a social or personal tragedy?

52
Is The Crucible an allegory?

• What is an allegory?
• What characteristics define it as allegory?

53
The Crucible The Tragic Hero

• flawed figure who finds his moral center just as
  everything is falling to pieces around him
• His downfall is usually due to excessive pride
  (hubris)
• He is doomed from the start, he bears no
  responsibility for possessing his tragic flaw,
  but bears responsibility for his actions.
• He has discovered fate by his own actions, and
  not by things happening to him
• He is usually a king, a leader of men his fate
  affects the welfare of a whole nation or number
  of people. Peasants do not inspire pity and fear
  as great men do. The sudden fall from greatness
  to nothing provides a sense of contrast.
• The suffering of the hero must not be senseless
  it must have meaning!
• The hero of classical tragedies is almost always
  male

54
The CrucibleJohn Proctor as the Tragic Hero

• Is Proctor a tragic hero?
• Is he prideful? Is his downfall due to his
  pride?
• What is his tragic flaw?
• Is he doomed from the start?
• Is he a noble man? A man of nobility?
• What is his fate? How did he reach this fate?
• What is the purpose of his suffering?

55
Unit 2 A New Nation

• Examine writers and documents associated with the
  founding of the new American nation.
• Objectives
• Identify defining themes in American Literature
  (i.e.. Exceptionalism)
• Identify and explain the historical significance
  of Americas founding documents
• Analyze how tone is established in persuasive
  writing
• Analyze the use of literary elements in
  persuasive writing
• Compare and contrast points of view on related
  issues
• Analyze the qualities of an effective argument
• Apply knowledge of effective argument when
  writing one of your own

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Think about it

• Patrick Henry said,
• Give me liberty or give me death.
• Are there things worth dying for?

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Comparing and Contrasting Speeches

• How do the writers employ the use of rhetorical
  devices and for what purpose?
• What do Henry and Franklin want their audiences
  to think and do?
• What rhetorical questions are used? What effect
  do they have?
• What classical and Biblical allusions are used?
  Explain the purpose of each.
• Compare and contrast the political assumptions
  (in relation to government) that each writer
  makes.

• Speech in the Virginia Convention
  Patrick Henry (99)
• Speech in the Convention
• Benjamin Franklin (105)

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The Star Spangled Banner

• Flew at Fort McHenry, located at the entrance to
  Boston Harbor, during the War of 1812
• Flag measured 30 x 42 feetthe 15 stars were 2
  from point to point and the eight red and seven
  white stripes were 2 wide
• The flag was sewn by Mary Young Pickersgill and
  her daughter Caroline
• The cost was 405.90

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The Star Spangled Banner

• Francis Scott Key
• Born 1779
• Lawyer
• Key was detained on a British ship during the
  attack on Ft. McHenry (September 13, 1814)he had
  gone their with Colonel John Skinner to negotiate
  the release of his friend Dr. Willaim Beanes who
  was captured during the attacks on Washington,
  D.C.
• He watched the bombardment, which lasted 25
  hours, he began penning the poem after seeing the
  flag flying at dawn following the British retreat
• Key completed the poem at a Baltimore hotel and
  then sent it to a printer
• After the poems circulation, it was put to the
  music of an old English song
• The song and flag became known as The Star
  Spangled Banner
• Became the national anthem in 1931

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The Star Spangled Banner

• Identify
• Poetic Elements
• Tone
• Style
• Theme

• What American ideals are present in this poem?
• Why do you think this poem was made the national
  anthem?

61
Original Handwritten Text of The Star-Spangled
Banner
62
Poor Richards Almanacby Ben Franklin

• Practical wisdom through aphorisms
• an aphorism is a brief, wise statement
• What qualities make these aphorisms easy to
  remember?
• Franklin felt these aphorisms were relevant in
  his own time. Which aphorisms are still relevant
  today? Mark these.
• Write 3 aphorisms of your own that you believe
  would be relevant to your society.

63
Benjamin Franklins The Autobiography

• How do you know this is an autobiography?
• Identify the text features.
• What is virtue?
• n. moral excellence (patience is a virtue)
  chastity (her virtue is secure) good quality
  (what are your virtues?) or advantage (by virtue
  of his ability)

64
Benjamin Franklins The Autobiography

• What does Franklin say about habits? Are you
  inclined to agree or disagree with him?
• Consider Franklins 13 virtueswould acquiring
  these lead to a moral life? Are his goals
  realistic?
• What does Franklins scheme or plan reveal about
  his character? Is it feasible?
• Which virtue gives Franklin the most problem?
  Why?
• What is the result of Franklins endeavor?

65
Virtues Your turn

• Think for a moment about the virtues you could
  benefit from acquiring. In other words, what
  habits would make you a better person?
• Make a list of 13 virtues
• Write a description for each virtue
• Pick one and try it for a week
• Keep a daily journal of your progress and
  transgressions

66
Foster on American Lit Franklins Autobiography
(from Twenty Five Books that Shaped America by
Thomas C. Foster)

• What claims does Foster make about American
  Literature in general?
• Foster says regarding his list, all make what
  seem to me important contributions to that
  story-in-progress that has been going on from the
  first writings. So, what does Franklins
  Autobiography contribute to the American story?

67
The Interesting Narrative of The Life of Olaudah
Equiano

• What is the Middle Passage?
• What is a slave narrative? What is the general
  purpose of this type writing?
• Analyzing the text
• Who is the narrator?
• What emotional appeals does the narrator make?
• What effect doe these appeals have on the reader?
• Is this narrative effective for its intended
  purpose? Why or why not?

68
The Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson

• Outline of the Argument
• Where does Jefferson use logos, pathos, and
  ethos?

69
Classical ArgumentWhich of the unit 2 texts can
best be characterized as classical argument?

• Exordiumintroduces the subject while winning the
  attention and goodwill of the audience
• Narratioputs argument in context by presenting
  facts and explaining who, what, when etc.
• Partitiodivides up the subject by explaining
  what the claim is, what the issues are, and in
  what order the subject will be treated
• Confirmatiodetailed support
• Refutatioacknowledges and refutes opposing
  claims
• Perorationsummarizes the case and suggests action

70
Compare ContrastThe Declaration of
Independence The American Crisis
71
Preamble to the US Constitution

• We the people of the United States, in order to
  form a more perfect union, establish justice,
  insure domestic tranquility, provide for the
  common defense, promote the general welfare, and
  secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and
  our posterity, do ordain and establish this
  Constitution for the United States of America.

72
Federalist Papers

• Series of 85 articles promoting the ratification
  of the United States Constitution
• Published between October 1787 and August 1788 in
  The Independent Journal and The New York Packet
• Authors are believed to be Alexander Hamilton,
  James Madison and John Jay
• Federalists advocated for strong central
  government and adoption of the constitution

James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
73
Federalist No. 1Alexander Hamilton

• You are called upon to deliberate on a new
  Constitution for the United States of America.
  The subject speaks its own importance
  comprehending in its consequences nothing less
  than the existence of the UNION, the safety and
  welfare of the parts of which it is composed, the
  fate of an empire in many respects the most
  interesting in the world. It has been frequently
  remarked that it seems to have been reserved to
  the people of this country, by their conduct and
  example, to decide the important question,
  whether societies of men are really capable or
  not of establishing good government from
  reflection and choice, or whether they are
  forever destined to depend for their political
  constitutions on accident and force. If there be
  any truth in the remark, the crisis at which we
  are arrived may with propriety be regarded as the
  era in which that decision is to be made and a
  wrong election of the part we shall act may, in
  this view, deserve to be considered as the
  general misfortune of mankind.

74
Federalist No. 10James Madison

• What is Madisons central argument?
• Is the greatest appeal in this paper to logos,
  ethos, or pathos? Explain.
• How does Madison construct his argument. Outline
  this.
• What statements does he make that are
  profoundlets discuss these.

75
Unit 3 American Romanticism

• The early 19th century was the first prolific
  period of American literature. It is important to
  understand how the romantics perceive
  individualism. It is also important to
  understand the similarities and differences among
  the romantics and transcendentalists.
• Objectives
• Define the major characteristics of American
  romanticism use of symbols, myth, and the
  fantastic veneration of nature celebration of
  the self isolationism theme of manifest
  destiny
• Define transcendentalism as an aspect of American
  romanticism and explain how it differs from
  romanticism
• Trace characterization techniques in fiction
• Analyze the structure and effectiveness of
  arguments in transcendentalist essays

76
Romanticism

• Developed out of the American Renaissance
• Exploration of self is as important as
  exploration of the landwriting describes
  individual quests for self definition
• Romantic writers elevated imagination over
  reason, feeling over fact, and nature above all
• Irving and Poe represent the fantastical nature
  of romanticism, while Melville and Hawthorne
  exemplify the agonized hero searching to define
  himself

77
Washington Irving
78
Nathaniel Hawthorne1804-1864

• Descendent of New England Puritansborn in Salem,
  Massachusetts
• His work is influenced by his Puritan background
  and a sense of inherited guilt that led to a
  dark vision of the world
• He believed that evil was a powerful force in
  the world, a sentiment that infuses most of his
  fiction.
• Wrote throughout his life to acclaim but monetary
  failure
• Recognized for his powerful use of symbolism

79
Reading QuizDr. Heideggers Experiment The
Ministers Black Veil

• Dr. Heideggers Experiment
• How many guests does Dr. Heidegger invite?
• What is believed to be contained in the curious
  black book in Dr. Hs study?
• What does the rose prove to Dr. Hs guests?
• What does Dr. H serve his guests?
• To where are Dr. Hs guests going on a pilgrimage?

80
Reading QuizDr. Heideggers Experiment The
Ministers Black Veil

• The Ministers Black Veil
• What has changed Mr. Hooper into something
  awful?
• Who confronts Mr. Hooper and asks him to remove
  the veil?
• What makes Mr. Hooper a very efficient clergyman?
• True or False Mr. Hooper is removed from his
  position because he refuses to remove the veil.
• True or False The veil hides a deformity, not a
  sin.

81
The Ministers Black Veil

• A symbol is an object, setting, or character that
  has meaning as itself but also stands for
  something greater, abstract. What symbols does
  Hawthorne use in this story?
• A parable is a story that conveys a message.
  What message does this story convey?
• By calling this story a parable, what
  expectations does Hawthorne set up for the
  reader?
• Explain how the veil might be a symbol of each of
  these abstract ideas sin/guilt, sorrow/mourning,
  isolation, mystery.
• Do you think Hawthornes intentional use of
  ambiguity, or uncertain meaning, makes the story
  more or less effective?

82
Dr. Heideggers Experiment

• Short Story Analysis
• Point of View
• Setting
• Mood
• Plot (Exposition, Rising Action, Climax,
  Resolution)
• Conflict
• Characters Characterization
• Symbols (with meaning)
• Tone
• Writers Style (elements used to create effect)
• Theme

83
Hawthornes Style

• What inferences can we make about Hawthornes
  style from these two examples?
• What characteristics of American romanticism does
  Hawthornes work exemplify?

84
Edgar Allen Poe1809-1849

• Born in Boston in 1809 father left and mother
  died he was taken in by the John Allan family
  lived with them in England from 1815-1820 before
  returning to US
• Attended University of Virginia where dismissed
  for gambling debts
• Attended West Point dismissed for violating
  academic procedures
• Pursued a literary career, but lived in poverty
• Suffered from depression and madness
• Wife, Virginia, died in 1847 at the age of 25
• Died in Baltimore in 1849 alone and unhappy

85
Literary Critics on Poe

• Some critics believe that Poes despair over
  Virginias lingering illness and death explains
  his fascination with doomed female characters,
  such as the lost Lenore of The Raven, and the
  tormented Madeline Usher of The Fall of the
  House of Usher.
• Poe is regarded as a brilliant original whose
  tireless exploration of altered mental states and
  the dark side of human nature changed the
  landscape of literature, both in America and
  around the world.

86
Gothic Literature

• Began in England in the late 1700s
• The word Gothic comes from architecturedescribe
  d castles and cathedrals that served as
  mysterious settings
• Elements of Gothic Style
• Bleak or remote settings
• Macabre or violent incidents
• Characters in psychological and/or physical
  torment
• Supernatural or otherworldly elements
• Strong language full of dangerous meanings

87
Poes Single Effect

• As a literary critic, Poe believed that writing
  should achieve a certain unique or single
  effect
• In other words, every detail in a short story,
  play, or poem, should contribute to one
  impression
• Poes single effect is usually one of fear or
  ambiguity regarding what is real (mystery)

88
The Fall of the House of Usher The Raven
Gothic Style
89
Herman Melville1819-1891

• Occupations worked on whaling ships, brief stint
  in navy, writer, inspector for NY customs house
• Friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne
• 1851 published The Whale (Moby-Dick)
• Typee and Omoo were his only popular works other
  works were rejected during his lifetime
• Rediscovered in 1920sMoby Dick is regarded as
  one of the finest novels in all of American
  literature

90
Moby-Dick Reading Quiz

• Who said, Death to Moby-Dick! God hunt us all,
  if we do not hunt Moby-Dick to his death!?
• What is the job of Queequeg, Tashtego, and Daggoo
  on the ship?
• What does Ahab offer the man who spots the white
  whale?
• Who is described in the following quotation from
  Starbuck Moby-Dick seeks thee not. It is thou,
  thou, that madly seekest him!
• What happens to the Pequod?

91
Moby-Dick

• Complex Novel with Several Layers of Meaning
• Literally its an adventure story of the voyage
  of a whaling ship
• Figuratively its a quest story (Ahab seeks
  vengeance) its philosophical examination of
  humanity and its relationship to the natural
  world (whale vs. Ahab)
• Its effect is largely based on its use of symbol.
  For example
• Moby Dick is the most predominant symbol.
  Understanding this symbol can help us understand
  the theme.

92
Symbolism in Moby-Dick

• white whale
• sea
• Pequod
• Captain Ahab
• ___________
• ___________

93
Moby-DickA few things to considerfrom Foster
(of course)

• Call me Ishmael. (Melville 11)
• Whaling is one of the most preposterous
  activities
• Moby-Dick is a revenge tragedy
• This is not Ahabs story and not the whales.
  It is Ishmaels.
• It is an epic. Good battles evil, but the
  existence of divine poles anchoring those forces
  is an unresolved issue.
• Ahabs pursuit of something that much larger
  than himself, his overreaching toward the godly,
  may well remind readers of certain other
  endeavors in Melvilles still-new country.
  Manifest Destiny
• Ahab as a Satan figure because he attempts to
  play God

94
Emily Dickinson1830-1886

• If I feel physically as if the top of my head
  were taken off, I know that is poetry.
• Read the background information on pages 404-406.
  What strikes you as important about Dickinson?
  How do you think these details will relate to her
  poetry?

95
Poetry of Emily Dickinson

• Look for
• Exact Rhyme (identical final stressed syllables)
• Slant Rhyme (final sounds are similar but not
  identical)
• Paradox (statement that seems contradictory but
  presents a truth)
• Elements of Romantic Literature
• How does Dickinson compare to the other Romantic
  writers you have read so far?

96
Transcendentalism

• Merging of literature, philosophy, and religion
• Unique form of romanticism that is intuitive and
  ethically engaged
• Search for truth
• The individual is central and has a powerful
  capacity for intuition
• Notable Writers Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry
  David Thoreau
• Emerson contended that the human mind is so
  powerful it can unlock any mystery, from the
  intricacies of nature to the wonder of God

97
Key Concepts of Transcendentalism

• Individual is celebrated
• Natural world mirrors human life
• Intuition is powerful to grasp fundamental truths

98
Walt Whitman1819-1892

• Considered one of the greatest and most
  influential American poets although, he achieved
  only modest acclaim during his lifetime
• Whitmans philosophy grew out of the ideas of
  transcendentalism
• Poetry mainly derived from observationsWhitman
  had a keen sense of observation and an uncanny
  ability to comprehend and retain these
  observations
• Leaves of Grass was his lifes workfirst
  published in 1855revised, reshaped, and
  expanded until his death in 1892
• Work broke from poetic tradition and celebrated
  America

99
Questions on Whitmans Work

• Whitman is said to have written an American
  Epic. How does this differ from traditional
  epic? What epic themes do you see in the poetry
  of Whitmangive at least three examples. (Refer
  to pages 424-425 and your worksheet for
  assistance.)
• Compare and contrast the two poems, When I Heard
  the Learnd Astronomer and By the Bivouacs
  Fitful Flame. How are Whitmans ideas similar
  yet different in these two pieces of literature?

100
Emerson on Whitman

• Leaves of Grass is the most extraordinary
  piece of wit and wisdom that American has yet
  contributed.

101
Thoreau on Whitman

• We ought to rejoice in him greatly.He is
  awfully good.

102
Ralph Waldo Emerson1803-1882

• Encouraged from a young age to think
  independently and explore thoughts
• Son of a minister, Harvard graduate, pastor of
  Second Church of Boston, left the church and
  pastorate to write
• Responsible for the Transcendentalist movement
• Developed the idea of an Over-Soulevery soul
  and all of nature is part of an Over-Soul or
  universal spirit to which all beings return after
  deathevery being is part of Gods mind
• His home in Concord, Massachusetts became a
  meeting place for the Transcendental
  Clubdeveloped a philosophical system that
  stressed intuition, individuality, and
  self-reliance

103
Activities with Emersons Writing

• Based on Nature, what are Emersons and the
  transcendentalists core beliefs?
• Paraphrase the first paragraph of Self-Reliance.
• Choose three statements from Self-Reliance and
  respond to them by discussing their meaning, your
  opinion, and how you believe these statements
  connect to America today.

104
Henry David Thoreau1817-1864

• Considered eccentric as a child rarely followed
  rules
• Teacher, but objected to corporal punishment and
  quit his first jobhe and his bother founded
  their own school
• 1841 he moved into the home of Emerson
• 1845-1847 lived alone in a one room cabin near
  Walden Pondresulted in the material for his
  collection Walden
• Died at age 44 from tuberculosis

105
Emerson on Thoreau

• Speaking at his funeral
• The country knows not yet, or in the least part,
  how great a son it has lostHis soul was made for
  the noblest society he had in a short life
  exhausted the capabilities of his world wherever
  there is knowledge, wherever there is virtue,
  wherever there is beauty, he will find a home.

106
In "The American Scholar," Emerson described the
three basic stages of a transcendentalist's life
first, he learns all that is of merit in the
wisdom of the past second, he establishes a
harmonious relationship with nature through which
he is able to discover ethical truths and
communicate with the divine. With these two
stages, the transcendentalist has developed his
higher faculties he has cultivated his life and
"spiritualized" it. (We see the narrator of
Walden go through these two stages in his
progress toward spiritual rebirth.) After thus
cultivating his own spirit, the transcendentalist
does not selfishly remain content with himself.
The third stage he must attempt, after
self-renewal, is the renewal of society-at-large.
After being nurtured by books and nature, he must
attempt to share his spiritual gains with other
men who have not yet achieved their perfect
spiritual states. from cliffsnotes.com
107
Walden

• What is Thoreaus purpose and argument?
• Transcendentalism focuses on gaining spiritual
  knowledge through recognizing ones connection to
  God and nature. How is it that Thoreau acquires
  knowledge during his time at Walden Pond? What
  is it that he has come to understand?
• Identify examples of aphorisms (pronouncements)
  that Thoreau states in this text.

108
Civil Disobedience

• What is it Thoreau means by the term civil
  disobedience?
• Thoreau is philosophically opposed to government.
  Where do you find evidence of this in the essay?
• Ironically, Thoreau urges readers to make a
  better government? Why does he do this? Does
  this call to action strengthen or undermine his
  argument?

109
Unit 4 A Troubled Young Nation

• The literature of the late 19th century deals
  with particular themes related to the evolving
  young American nation
• Challenges of westward expansion
• Slavery
• Changing role of women
• Regionalism
• Displacement of Native Americans
• Growth of Cities
• Immigration
• Individualism
• Pursuit of Liberty

110
Unit 4 A Troubled Young NationObjectives

• Determine and analyze the development of the
  theme or themes in American literature of the
  nineteenth century freedom, the American dream,
  racism, regionalism, survival, individual vs.
  society, and civilized society vs. the
  wilderness
• Compare the treatment of related themes in
  different genres
• Explain how characters in fiction in late
  nineteenth century America express the challenges
  facing America at the time, citing both textual
  evidence from both fiction and nonfiction to make
  the case

111
The Civil War Era

• Refer to pages 462-476
• What do we need to know
• Shapshot of the period (462-63)
• Historical Background (464-65)
• Essential Questions
• How does literature shape or reflect society?
  (466-69)
• What is the relationship between place and
  literature? (470-71)
• What makes American literature American? (472-73)
• Contemporary Commentary (475-76)
• Discuss periodization and how your own time
  might be periodized (refer to Extend Your
  Learning box on 476)

112

• Compare and contrast
• realism and naturalism.

113
Responding to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(Journal 1)

• Now that you have read the first 18 chapters of
  the novel, discuss Twains commentary on one of
  the following topics
• Domestic Abuse
• Theft/Burglary
• Murder
• Slavery
• Coming of Age (growing up)

114
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

• Who is Mark Twain?
• Why are we reading this novel?
• What is satire? (the mockery of human pretentions
  and failings) How does Twain use satire and for
  what effects?
• What is ironic about this novel?

115
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnby Mark Twain

• As you read, mark passages relating to the
  following topics for discussion
• Literary Techniques (style, POV, figurative
  lang., symbolism..)
• Characterization of Huck, Tom, other
  significant characters
• Hucks innocence experience
• Twains satire and humor
• Superstitions
• sivilizing Huck
• Hypocrisy
• Crime
• Slavery
• Freedom

116
Reading Quiz 1Chapters 1-18

• Fill in the blank You dont know about me ,
  without you have read a book by the name of The
  Adventures of ___________________________.
• When Huck refers to the River, which river is
  he speaking of?
• Who has a cross in his left boot-heel made with
  big nails, to keep of the devil?
• Who are the two people hiding on Jacksons Island
  at the same time?
• Who says, You wouldn tell on me ef I uz to
  tell you, would you, Huck?...II run off?
• What event do Huck and Jim believe brings them
  bad luck starting with Jim being bitten by a
  snake and continuing with various separations and
  run-ins with questionable people?
• What is the real identity of Sarah Mary Williams
  and George Jackson?
• According to Huck, what is the difference between
  Paps view on borrowing and the Widow Douglass
  view?
• Who says, Is a free man, en I couldnt ever ben
  free ef it hadn ben for Huck?
• Who is Huck talking to when he says, Spose
  youd a done right and give Jim up would you
  felt better than what you do now?

117
Reading Quiz 2Chapters 19-23

• At which time of day do Huck and Jim travel?
  Why?
• Huck says, It didnt take me long to make up my
  mind that these liars warnt no kings nor dukes,
  at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds.
  Why does Huck keep this knowledge from Jim?
• Name one of the Shakespearean plays the Duke and
  King attempt to perform.
• Who diesSherburn or Boggs?
• He was thinking about his wife and his children,
  away up yonder, and he was low and homesick
  because he hadnt ever been away from home before
  in his life. Who is the he being referred to
  in this passage?

118
Characterization

• Direct Characterization author gives the reader
  specific details about the character and his/her
  personality
• Indirect Characterization author reveals
  character and personality traits through events,
  dialogue, and interaction
• Characterize Huck Finn using the diagram
  provided. Be creative with your drawing.
  Surround him with quotations, paraphrases, and
  comments relating to his character and
  personality. Include page numbers with the
  quotations, paraphrases, and comments.

119
Discussion after Chapter 26

• Literary Techniques (style, POV, figurative
  lang., symbolism..)
• Characterization of Huck, Tom, other
  significant characters
• Hucks innocence experience
• Twains satire and humor
• Superstitions
• sivilizing Huck
• Hypocrisy
• Crime
• Slavery
• Freedom
• Religion
• Morality/Ethical Behavior

120
Write a Response

• What is the significance of Hucks statement,
  All right, then, Ill go to hell? Be sure to
  discuss how this comment relates to the
  characterization of Huck, the novel as a whole,
  and Twain claims.

121
Reading Quiz Chapters 24-34

• Who do the Duke and King impersonate in order to
  steal an inheritance?
• Who says to the King and Duke, Take the six
  thousand dollars, and invest for me and my
  sisters any way you want to, and dont give us
  no receipt for it?
• Where does Huck hide the money-bag when he is
  almost discovered?
• When the lawyers says, I wouldnt strain myself,
  if I was you, I reckon you aint used to lying,
  it dont seem to come handy what you want is
  practice, who is he speaking to?

122
Reading Quiz Chapters 24-34

• 5. Who says, Out with you Jim, and set her
  loose! Glory be to goodness were shut of
  them!?
• 6. How much money does the King get for Jim?
• 7. Who says, All right, then, Ill go to hell?
• 8. Who is Huck mistaken for when he gets to the
  Phelps plantation?
• 9. Who says, Ill help you steal Jim?
• 10. How do Huck and his comrade intend to free
  Jim?

123
Reading Quiz Chapters 35-Last

• Who says, Well, if that aint just like you,
  Huck FinnWhy, haint you ever read any books at
  all?
• What do Tom and Huck attempt to dig Jim out
  withthe result is blistered hands?
• Name one of the items Huck and Tom steal from the
  clothesline.
• What is ironic about how the boys get the
  grindstone into Jims cabin?
• Who says, I never knowed bfo, t was so much
  bother and trouble to be a prisoner?

124
Reading Quiz Chapters 35-Last

• 6. Who gets shot during Jims escape?
• 7. Who arrives back at the Phelps plantation
  wearing her calico dress?
• 8. Who says, They haint got no right to shut
  him up!...Turn him loose! he aint no slave hes
  as free as any cretur that walks this earth!?
• 9. How much does Tom pay Jim for being prisoner
  for Tom and Huck so patient?
• 10. When Jim says, He aint a comin back no
  mo, Huck, to whom is Jim referring?

125
Thomas C. Foster on Huck Finn

• Why does he include Adventures of Huckleberry
  Finn in Twenty-Five Books that Shaped America?
• What are Fosters thoughts on social criticism,
  innocents narrative, Huck himself, the last
  chapters, Hucks language, Twains contribution
  to literature, and the controversy?

126
Archetypes in Huck Finn

• Archetype denotes recurrent narrative designs,
  patterns of action, character-types, themes, and
  images which are identifiable in a wide variety
  of works of literature, as well as in myths,
  dreams, and even social rituals
• How do archetypes relate to symbolism?
• What archetypes are present in Huck Finn?

127
Themes in Huck Finn

• The institution of slavery is immoral
• Race is a filter through which individuals are
  judgedyet this is unfair, even immoral
• Conscience should guide morality however, moral
  standards are largely taught and determined by
  society and are hard to overcome
• Every person deserves personal freedom
• Friendship is based on trust and respect
• Check out Shmoop.com for others

128
Identifying Irony in Huck Finn

• Irony is generally defined as the contrast
  between expectation and reality
• Situational Irony events dont occur as the
  character or audience expects
• Verbal Irony meaning implied is different than
  the meaning expressed (sarcasm is a crude form of
  verbal irony characterized by a harmful intent
  and inflection of the voice)
• Dramatic Irony the audience shares with the
  author knowledge of which the character is
  ignorant

129
Literary Criticism and Huck Finn

• Literary criticism is the evaluation, analysis,
  description, or interpretation of literary works.
  It is usually in the form of a critical essay,
  but in-depth book reviews can sometimes be
  considered literary criticism. Criticism may
  examine a particular literary work, or may look
  at an author's writings as a whole.

130
Literary Criticism and Huck Finn

• What is your initial impression of the critical
  analysis you have read? Do you find the writers
  credible? Their arguments convincing?
• What do the Doren, Brooks, and Johnson essays
  have in common?
• What else do you find insightful in these
  critical analyses?
• What interpretations do they share with Foster?

131
Literary Criticism and Huck Finn

• Based on your reading of the February 20, 1885
  review from the Hartford Courant, how was
  Huckleberry Finn received?
• What is Smileys interpretation of Huck Finn?
  What does she argue? How does she support this
  argument?
• How does Pinsker respond to Smiley? What is her
  argument?
• Which writer, Pinsker or Smiley, has the stronger
  argument? Why?

132
Huck Finn Test Prompt

• Develop a point of view on the value of The
  Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an American
  novel. Synthesize information from the essays
  you have read by Foster, Pinsker, Smiley, Brooks,
  Doren, and Johnson, as well as the article from
  the Hartford Courant. You are required to use
  information from at least three of these sources
  to support your argument. Your references must
  be documented with in text citations.

133
SpiritualsGo Down, Moses Swing Low, Sweet
Chariot

• Folk songs often sung by enslaved African
  Americans
• What purpose did the spirituals serve in the
  slave community?
• Why do they have refrains?
• How are they allegorical?
• What allusions exist in the spirituals? What is
  their purpose?

134
The Gettysburg AddressAbraham Lincoln

• Why is the Gettysburg Address considered one of
  Americas most important speeches?
• What are Lincolns purposes for this speech? How
  does he accomplish these purposes?
• Why is his diction important?
• What can we learn about rhetoric from this speech?

135
Letter to His SonRobert E. Lee

• Who is Robert E. Lee?
• What does this letter reveal about Lee and his
  attitudes toward the impending Civil War?
• How is his diction important to our understanding
  of the significance of this letter?

136
Short Story Presentations

• An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
• by Ambrose Bierce
• Plot of the story
• Organization of Plot
• Point of View
• Stream of Consciousness
• Irony
• Writers tone influence
• Theme/Message
• Insight into Civil War

• An Episode of War
• by Stephen Crane
• Plot of the story
• Naturalism Examples
• Theme/Message
• Character of lieutenant
• Irony
• Insight into Civil War

137
Realism Naturalism

• Realism originated as a reaction to
  Romanticismwriters began to focus on portrayals
  of real life as ordinary people lived it
  intent was to show characters and events in an
  hones, objective, almost factual way
• Naturalism wanted to portray real life but
  believed lives were controlled by forces beyond
  human understanding or control
• indifferent nature, blind fate, heredity, and
  pure chance determined the lives of men and women
• Naturalists questioned ideas about human goodness
  and the beauty of nature
• Characters are often victims of their own choices
  or of a violent world

138
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
Reading Quiz

• What story does Simon Wheeler tell the narrator?
• What is Jim Smileys hobby?
• Who is Andrew Jackson in the story?
• What is the name of the Smileys frog?
• When its time for the contest, why cant
  Smileys frog jump?
• Does the narrator get the desired information
  from Simon Wheeler?

139
Twains Humor

• Humor is writing intended to amuse
• Humorists Devices
• Incongruity using a serious tone to de