Early Westward Migration

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Early Westward Migration the Native American
Resistance
Presentation created by Robert Martinez Primary
Content Source Americas History (Henretta,
Brody, Dumenil) Images as cited.
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In the Treaty of Paris of 1783, Great Britain
relinquished claims to the trans-Appalachian
region.
www.izaak.unh.edu
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Many white Americans wanted to destroy native
communities and even the native people themselves.
www.mantorque.com.au
www.imdb.com
www.treefrogtreasures.com
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Cut up every Indian Cornfield and burn every
Indian town, proclaimed William Henry Drayton, a
congressman from South Carolina, so that their
nation be extirpated and other lands become the
property of the public.
etc.usf.edu
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Other leaders, including Henry Knox, Secretary of
War, favored assimilating the Indians into
Euro-American society. Knox proposed the division
of commonly held tribal lands among individual
Indian families, who would become citizens in the
various states.
Henry Knox Secretary of War
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The major struggle between Indians and whites
centered on land. Invoking the Treaty of Paris
and classifying Britains Indian allies as
conquered peoples, the U.S. government asserted
its ownership of the trans-Appalachian west.
www.americanrevolution.org
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Native Americans rejected that claim, insisting
that they had not signed the Treaty of Paris
treaty and had not been conquered.
www.ohiohistorycentral.org
memory.loc.gov
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Brushing aside those arguments, the U.S.
commissioners threatened military action to force
the pro-British Iroquois peoples, the Mohawks,
and Senecas, to relinquish much of their land in
New York and Pennsylvania in the Treaty of Fort
Stanwix (1784).
nativeamericanencyclopedia....
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New York officials and land speculators used
liquor and bribes to take title to millions of
additional acres, confining the once powerful
Iroquois to relatively small tribal reservations.
http//www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/furtrade
r
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In 1785, U.S. negotiators persuaded the
Chippewas, Delawares, Wyandots, and Ottawas, to
sign away most of the future state of Ohio. The
tribes quickly recanted the agreements, claiming
they were made under duress.
http//www.mountaingulltrading.com/griffing/Prepar
ingtoMeetEnemy
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To defend their lands, they joined the Shawnee,
Miami, and Potawatomi peoples in the Western
Confederacy. Led by Miami chief Little Turtle,
confederacy warriors crushed U.S. forces sent by
President Washington in 1790-91.
tahsmithtown.blogspot.com
www.rainsongmusic.com
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Fearing an alliance between the Western
Confederacy and the British in Canada, Washington
ordered a new expedition. In 1794, they defeated
the Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers, but
the resistance continued.
http//www.kollewin.com/blog/battle-of-fallen-timb
ers-1794
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In the Treaty of Greenville (1795), the U.S.
acknowledged Indian ownership of land in return,
the Indian peoples ceded most of Ohio and various
lands along the Great Lakes, including Detroit
and the future site of Chicago.
http//shawnee-bluejacket.com/Bluejacket_Folders/T
reaty_of_Green_Ville
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The members of the Western Confederacy also
agreed to place themselves under the protection
of the United States.
http//shawnee-bluejacket.com/Bluejacket_Folders/T
reaty_of_Green_Ville
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These U.S. advances prompted Britain to change
its policies in North America. It reduced its
trade with the Indians and, following Jays
Treaty, began to remove its military garrisons
from the region.
http//www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id58010
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The Greenville Treaty sparked a wave of white
migration. By 1805, Ohio, a state of just two
years, had more than 100,000 residents.
http//mjcpl.org/rivertorail/beforesteam/pioneers-
go-west
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Thousands more farm families moved into the
future states of Indiana and Illinois, igniting
new conflicts with native peoples over land and
hunting rights.
http//mjcpl.org/rivertorail/beforesteam/pioneers-
go-west
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The U.S. government encouraged Native Americans
to assimilate into white society. The goal was to
make the Indian a farmer, a citizen of the
United States, and a Christian.
http//thingaboutskins.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/ha
irspolitics1
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But most Indians rejected assimilation choosing
to embrace their ancestral values.
http//ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/current/ED101fa10/c
mmac/Content3.html
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To preserve their traditional cultures, many
Indian communities expelled white missionaries
and forced Christianized Indians to participate
in tribal rites.
http//www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/athome/1700
/timeline/index.html
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Among the Senecas, the Indian prophet Handsome
Lake encouraged traditional animistic ceremonies
that gave thanks to the sun, the earth, water,
plants, and animals.
http//xoomer.virgilio.it/vminerva/Cornpl2.jpg
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But he also included some Christian elements to
his teachings, the concepts of heaven and hell,
for example, to deter his followers from alcohol,
gambling, and witchcraft.
http//nativeamericanencyclopedia.com/handsome-lak
e-2/
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Handsome Lakes doctrines divided the tribe into
hostile factions. More conservative Senecas, led
by Chief Red Jacket, condemned Indians who
accepted white ways and demanded a return to
ancestral customs.
Chief Red Jacket
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Most Indians rejected the efforts of American
missionaries to turn warriors into farmers and
women into domestic helpmates.
http//www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/iroquois
man.htm
http//www.uwo.ca/museum/terminalWoodland.html
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Native American resistance slowed the advance of
white farmers and planters but did not stop it.
http//educatedteacher.wordpress.com/2010/04/26/we
stward-expansion-a-la-summer-school/