Westward Expansion

1
Westward Expansion
Spaniards
Pueblos
Apaches, Navajos, etc.
GenizarosNative Amer. w/o tribes
2
Westward Expansion
Plains Indians Diversity of tribes and
languages Some alliances Some sedentary farmers
others nomadic hunters Common Traits Close and
extended family networks Intimate relationship
with nature Bands of 500 people (tribes) Most
participated in decision-making process Male and
female roles Buffalo hunting
3
Westward Expansion
Hispanic Peoples of Southwest
Small aristocracies Pushed out by
Anglo-Americans, particularly after the
railroads entered the region
Ranching, farming and mining
1900--new wave of Mexican immigration into the
region in search of work--from the start, were
subordinate to Anglo-Americans
4
Westward Expansion
English-speaking prospectors organized to
exclude Californios Many Californios lost lands
Corrupt business deals Outright
seizures Most Mexican power in southern half of
the state
Devastation of Mexican ranch culture reckless
expansion, growing indebtedness, severe
drought 1860s
Bottom line Anglo-American migration was
catastrophic for Hispanics more so for Native
Americans
5
Westward Expansion
Chinese Migration
Better lives Gold Rush Initially welcomed Very
industrious successful
Whites began to consider as rivals and
threats 1852CA Foreign Miners Tax Other
discriminatory lawsdrove Chinese out
of prospecting 90 of labor force on Central
Pacific Railroad 1866struck for higher
wagesstarved
6
Westward Expansion

• San Franciscos Chinatown
• Six companies
• Benevolent societies
• Role of eastern political
• machines
• Led by prominent merchants
• Worked together to promote
• Chinese interests in city
• and state

Tongs secret societies Some violent, criminal
organizations (opium trade prostitution
Much discrimination2/3 of laundry workers. Why?
7
Westward Expansion
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Banned
Chinese immigration into the U. S. for 10 years
and barred Chinese already in the U. S.
from becoming naturalized citizens Renewed in
1892 and made permanent in 1902
By 1900, over 400,000 homesteaders (Homestead
Act of 1862) 160 acresif 5 years Assumptionmer
e possession of land would assure
keeping families Insufficient land for grazing
8
Westward Expansion
Women in the West
Working in dance halls and as prostitutes
9
Westward Expansion
Social mobility
limitedadvancement was easiest and most rapid
for those who were economically advantaged to
begin with
No greater than in East Whitesupper tiers
Lower tiers hard labor in mines, building
railroads, agriculture (nonwhites)
Myths
Several about Chinese, Blacks, Mexicans,
Filipinosgenetically and culturally suited to
manual labor
10
Westward Expansion
Pikes Peakgold strike 1858 Denvermajor city
Washoe-Comstock1859 Dominated by Californians
11
The Cattle Industry
Railroads
made the cattle industry needed means to get
cattle to eastern markets.
After Civil Wardemand for beef in the East
skyrocketed.
December 1865 Chicago Union Stock Yards opened
12
The Cattle Industry
By spring 1866, railroads had reached Sedalia,
MO.
Drive cattle to Sedalia then ship by rail to
Chicago and points east.
13
The Cattle Industry
Many problems on road to Sedalia, however.
Hostile weather
Rough land and rain-swollen rivers
Farmers who didnt want cattle trampling crops
spreading disease
14
The Cattle Industry
Solution Joseph McCoy of Springfield, IL
bought land near Abilene, KS and built cattle
pens.
Chisholm Trail San Antonio, TX to Abilene
rail center
186735,000 head shipped 186875,000 head
15
The Cattle Industry
Cowboys 55,000 from 1866 to 1885.
25 African American 12 Mexican
Work day 10-14 hours on ranch 18 hours on
trail
Age 15-40 Avg24 bowlegged
Usually owned saddle but not horse
16
The Cattle Industry
Most cowboys worked all spring and summer for
bosses who banned drinking, gambling and
cursing.
Winter lived off savings or did odd jobs, ranch
to ranch.
Spring rounduprode range and chased all
longhorns they could find into a large corral
17
The Cattle Industry
Kept herd penned without food for several days
so the cattle preferred grazing to running
away.
Then sorted herd claimed
those with their brand.
They also branded those that
had none.
18
The Cattle Industry
The long drive to Abilene 3 months 1 cowboy
for every 250-300 head of cattle
Also Trail boss cook with a chuck
wagon Extra wrangler who cared for the
remuda
19
The Cattle Industry
Monthly pay Trail boss 100 Cook 35-50
Wrangler lt1.00 a day
Took great risks diet coffee, beans, bacon,
bread, dried fruit.
20
The Cattle Industry
End of the cattle frontier
Overgrazing
Range wars with sheep herders
Weather 1883 drought prairie fires blizzard
of 1887 (-60 degrees with 60 mph winds 1 of
snow p/hr for 3 days) cattlemen lost 40-90 of
herds
21
Westward Expansion
Womens suffrage
Wyoming territoryfirst
Utah Mormons granted to stave off criticism of
practice of polygamy Other places
women granted suffrage before statehood
to swell the electorate Women were thought to
bring a moral voice to the politics of the
region and strengthen the sense of community
22
Westward Expansion
Owen Wister
19th century Americans
romanticized the
cowboy into a
powerful and enduring
figure of myth Wisters The Virginian
romanticized the lead characters natural
decency, courage and compassion a powerful
symbol of the virtues of the frontier
23
Westward Expansion
Frederick Jackson Turner The clearest and most
influential statements of the romantic vision
of the frontier The Significance of the Frontier
in American History The end of the frontier
also marked
the end of one of the most important
democratizing forces in American life. His
assessments were both inaccurate and premature
24
Westward Expansion
The Federal Government and Native American Tribes
Independent nations but wards of the President
Concentration 1851new reservations policyeach
tribe assigned its own defined reservation,
confirmed by separate treaties (often with
unauthorized representatives
25
Westward Expansion
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
Native Amer. control of 400-mile-wide slice
east of Rockies and from Arkansas River to
Can. NA would not attack settlers let Army
build forts for annual payments.
26
Westward Expansion
The Federal Government and Native American Tribes
Independent nations but wards of the President
Concentration 1851new reservations policyeach
tribe assigned its own defined reservation,
confirmed by separate treaties (often with
unauthorized representatives
Bureau of Indian Affairs Appalling
record People of gross incompetence and
dishonesty Poor and usually corrupt
administration Led to constant conflicts
between Native Americans and nearby whites
27
Westward Expansion
Bison
Relentless slaughter Railroads White demand for
buffalo hides 1865 15 million 1875 less
than 1,000
Pile of bison skulls around 1870
28
Westward Expansion
Sand Creek Massacre
Drunken Colorado Militiamassacred 133 (105
women children)
29
Westward Expansion
Bozeman Trail
Red Cloud raidsSioux resented intrusion into
the heart of their buffalo range Fetterman
MassacreDecember 21, 1866
Black Hills WarBattle of Little Big Horn
30
Westward Expansion
Nez Perce
Small, relatively peaceful No treaty with U. S.
government Forced on reservation based on
pressure from settlers During journey, 4 drunk
members killed 4 white settlers U. S. troops
driven off at White Bird Canyon Chief Joseph
and others tried to reach Canada, caught short
of border
Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever.
31
Westward Expansion
Apache Wars (Geronimo)
Most violent of all Indian conflictstribes most
desperate Whitesmost flagrant and vicious
atrocities
32
Westward Expansion
Wounded Knee, South Dakota, Dec. 29, 1890
Wovoka
Remingtons Ghost Dance
33
Westward Expansion
Brigadier General James Forsythe
Corpse of Big Foot
U. S. Army 25 KIA 39 WIA Sioux 153 KIA, 50
WIA, 150 missing
In 1890, U. S. Census Bureau officially declared
the frontier closed
34
Westward Expansion
The Dawes Act and the policy of Assimilation
Federal government Destroy forever tribal
structure Forced Native Americans to become
landowners and farmers to abandon collective
society and to assimilate into white
civilization Took Native American children
away from parents and sent to boarding schools
run by whites attempt to get them to abandon
tribal ways Moved to stop religious rituals
encouraged spread of Christianity
Sen. Henry L. Dawes
35
Settling On The Great Plains
By 1900, 800 million acres of farmland in USA
Railroads opened the west
Federal Government made huge land grants to
railroads 10 sq mi of public land for every mile
of track in a state 20 sq mi of public land for
every mile of track in a territory.
36
Settling On The Great Plains
Central Pacific eastward from Sacramento
Union Pacific Westward from Omaha, NE
Promontory, UT May 10, 1869
By 1884, four transcontinental railroads in USA
37
Settling On The Great Plains
Laying track was grueling work
Civil war veterans, Irish Chinese
immigrants, African Americans Mexican
Americans
38
The Cattle Industry
End of the cattle frontier
Invention of barbed wire
Joseph Glidden of Illinois
10,000 lbs sold in 1874 27 million lbs sold
in 1878
39
Settling On The Great Plains
Life on the Great Plains was one of hardships
Droughts
Floods
Blizzards
Locust Plagues
Fires
40
Settling On The Great Plains
Most early houses built from the land.
Dugouts and sod houses or soddies
Warm in winter, cool in summer, small, little
air or light, haven for snakes, insects pests
41
Settling On The Great Plains
Womens lives were very hard.
Fed clothed family Worked in fields,
plowing, planting harvesting Maintained
livestock Reared children Made butter, cheese,
soap, candles. Laundry by hand.
42
Westward Expansion
Problems encountered by farmers
Growth depended heavily on irrigation Battles
over watercentral and enduring characteristic
of western life
43
Settling On The Great Plains
Farming on the hard sod was difficult. Wooden
plows broke harvesting by hand with a scythe
was slow.
1837 John Deere steel plow
44
Settling On The Great Plains
1847, Cyrus McCormick invented the reaper.
Other inventions
Spring-tooth harrow (1869) Grain drill cord
binder (1878)
45
Settling On The Great Plains
To produce a bushel of grain
1830 183 minutes 1900 10 minutes
46
Settling On The Great Plains
Agricultural Education
Morrill Land Grant Acts (1862/1890) gave federal
land to states to help pay for agricultural
colleges (such as Texas AM.)
Hatch Act of 1887 established experiment
stations to communicate new developments in
agriculture to farmers in every state.
47
Settling On The Great Plains
While farm machinery improved the efficiency of
the farmer, it was also the cause of great
debt by farmers.
Machinery costs, railroad transport costs, etc.
forced farmers into debt.
High wheat prices could pay debts when priced
dropped, problems
48
Westward Expansion
Major grievances of farmers
Inequitable freight rateshigher for farm goods
than for other goods Railroads also controlled
elevator and warehouse facilitiesarbitrary
storage rates High interest charges from banks,
etc. Farmers had to take loans at whatever
interest rates they could get Often
10-25 Pay back during years when prices
were dropping Wanted an
increase in volume of currency
in circulation Prices were the third grievance
49
Settling On The Great Plains
Experiment Bonanza farms George Cass and Oliver
Dalrymple
10,000 acre, single crop spreads
Drought of 1885-90 hurt bonanza farms Smaller
farms more flexible in crops Experiment failed
50
Industry in America
Key factors in growth of U.S. industry
Wealth of resources
Large and growing labor supply
Surge in technological innovation
Emergence of a talented, ambitious and ruthless
group of entrepreneurs
Favorable federal government
Great expanding domestic market
51
Industry in America
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone in 1876
Coast-to-coast service by 1915
52
Industry in America
Christopher Sholes
invented typewriter in 1867
James Dunsmore improved typewriter for market
in 1873
James Rittycash register
53
Industry in America
Thomas Alva EdisonMenlo Park, NJ
Worlds first research laboratory
Incandescent light bulb
System of producing and distributing electric
power national system of power plants
54
Industry in America
Edisons harnessing of electric power completely
changed the nature of American business
Spurred invention of numerous appliances
Electric streetcarshelped outward spread of
cities
Also, factories could be located away from
sources of power
55
Industry in America
Removing carbon from iron makes a lighter, more
flexible, rust- resistant metal
Steel
Bessemer Process (1850, Englishman Henry
Bessemer) injected air into molten iron to
remove carbon and transform it into steel.
By 1880, 90 of US Steel
56
Industry in America
Deposits of coal and iron ore also led to
industrial strength.
Coal PA, OH, WV, VA, KY
Iron ore Mesabi Range of MN100
mi by 3 mi
57
Industry in America
Early key to industrial expansion discovery of
oil in U. S.
1859Edwin L. DrakeTitusville, PA. Use steam
engine to drill for oil.
Began oil boom KY, OH, IL, IN
Led to oil-based kerosene and gasoline
58
Industry in America
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Manage human labor to make it compatible with
the demands of the machine age Employer could
increase control of workplace Subdivide tasks
Interchangeable workers Diminish managers
dependence on any particular employee
Reduce need for highly skilled workers Modern
machines, trained expertscould make
production more efficient
59
Industry in America
Most important change in production technology
emergence of mass production and assembly line
Model T 1914 950.00 1929 290.00
60
Industry in America
Largest American customers for steel
Railroads
Principal agent of industrial development in
late 19th Century
Others as well barbed wire, plows, etc.
Steel transformed the face of the USA
61
Industry in America
Brooklyn Bridge1883
First bridge to use steel cables.
1,595 span of East River in NYC
At the time, its towers were higher than any
human-made structure except the pyramids of
Egypt.
62
Industry in America
Brooklyn Bridge1883
Designed by John Augustus Roebling
Some people were con-cerned about soundness.
Showman P. T. Barnum drove a herd of elephants
across.
63
Industry in America
William Le Baron Jenneydesigned first
skyscraper with a steel frame The Home
Insurance Building in Chicago, IL.
Strength of steel frames allowed architects and
engineers to design buildings as high as
they could.
64
Industry in America
Overall, industry contributed to an improved
standard of living in USA
1890average work week10 hours
phonographs
bicycles
cameras
New opportunities for recreation
65
Big Business
Emergence of big business embodied in life of
Andrew Carnegie
Born of very poor parents came to US at 13
(1848)
His initiative led to his employer giving him
stock options. Made then reinvested dividends
66
Big Business
Carnegie continued buying stock in various
companies
Earned mega-bucks in dividends
1873entered steel business
1899, Carnegie Steel one of worlds largest
steel producers
67
Big Business
Carnegies management practices . . .
worked to make better products more cheaply
Used new techniques and machinery in plants
Hired chemists and metallurgists to improve
quality of steel
68
Big Business
Carnegies Management Practices
Created detailed accounting systems to track
the precise cost of each process and item
Hired talented people through competitive
salaries and stock options
Encouraged competition among employees to
promote efficiency
69
Big Business
Carnegie tried to buy out competing steel
producers through a process called horizontal
consolidation.
Companies producing similar products merge
Carnegie achieved a near monopoly controlled
80 of U.S. steel production.
70
Big Business
Carnegie attempted to control entire steel
industry
Vertical integrationbought out all of his
suppliers
Coal/iron mines
Ore freighters
Railroads
Total control over quality cost of steel
71
Big Business
Age of vicious competition
Many entrepreneurs tried to eliminate
competitors
Led to rise of oligopolies markets with few
providers of a given product
Often formed through mergers
72
Big Business
Trusts were illegal but the law was not
vigorously enforced
Example John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil
Company of Ohio
Used trusts to control 90 of U. S. oil
industry
73
Big Business
Standard Oil Company
Rockefeller
Huge profits
Paid extremely low wages
Sold oil at a price lower than cost of producing
it to drive competitors out of business
After gaining market control, increased prices
far above original level
74
Big Business
Sometimes mergers created monopoliescomplete
control over all aspects of an industry
Sometimes created through holding
companiescompanies that do nothing but buy
stock of other companies
75
Big Business
Holding Companies
United States Steel under John Pierpont (JP)
Morgan
1901U. S. Steel bought Carnegie for 500
million worlds largest business
organization at the time.
76
Big Business
Sometimes monopolies formed through trusts
companies turned over stock to a group of
trustees who ran separate companies as a large
corporation.
77
Big Business
Social philosophers tried to explain Carnegies
success as Social Darwinism
Based on biological theory of Englishman
Charles Darwin
Through natural selection, only the strong
survive.
78
Big Business
Economists used Darwins ideas of natural
selection to justify doctrine of laissez faire
(allow to do)
Translated to a lack of govern- ment regulation
Englishman Herbert Spencer free competition
would ensure survival of the fittest businesses
79
Big Business
Social Darwinism
Appealed to wealthy
Appealed to Protestant work ethic of many
Americans
Supported belief that riches were a sign of
Gods favor poor must be lazy or inferior
80
Big Business
Carnegies The Gospel of Wealth the wealthy
should consider all revenues in excess of their
own needs to be used for the good of the
community
Enhanced by novels of Horatio Alger Poor boy
from small town goes to big city to seek his
fortune by work, perseverance, luck, succeeds
81
Big Business
Rockefeller and others like him called Robber
Barons
Justified their business tactics through
philanthropy
Rockefeller gave over 500 million to charity
Carnegie gave over 325 million 90 of his
wealth Carnegie Hall in NYC, gt3,000 libraries
(including Oakdale), Carnegie Foundation
82
American Society 1870-1900
Age of immigrants
1870-192020 million Europeans arrived in U. S.
1870-1890most British, Irish German
U. S. was considered a Golden Door
83
American Society 1870-1900
Age of immigrants
1890s on, more and more from Southern and
Eastern Europe Italy, Austria- Hungary and
Russia.
84
American Society 1870-1900
European immigration why?
Anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia
Rising population/scarce farm land
Limited industrial jobs
Flee revolution and upheaval
Desire for personal independence
85
American Society 1870-1900
Non-European Immigrants
1882Congress limited Chinese immigration
Japanese recruited to work in Hawaii U.S.
annexed Hawaii in 1898 and Japanese began moving
to West Coast
1880-1920260,000 to eastern and southeastern
U.S. from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico other
Caribbean islands
Mexicans via annexation
86
American Society 1870-1900
European Immigrants
Arrived by shipdeplorable conditions
Immigration stations
Ellis Island in New York

• Physical exam
• Literacy in native
• language
• Ability to work
• Have at least 25.00
• in their possession

87
American Society 1870-1900
Asian immigrants Angel Island in San Francisco
Bay
Much harsher treatment compared to Ellis
Island
Most immigrants had to deal with culture shock
Caused gravitation to ethnic communities in
towns (Ripon) or segments of cities (North
Beach or Chinatown in San Francisco)
88
American Society 1870-1900
U. S. became a melting pot
People blended together abandoning native
customs and languages
Some refused to give up their cultural
identities causing friction with natives and
some strong anti-immigrant feelings
89
American Society 1870-1900
Situation caused a rise in nativism
West Coast prejudice against Asians
Depression of 1873anti-Chinese sentiment based
on fear that the few jobs would go to Chinese
who would accept lower wages
Violent riots often backed by organized labor
1882Chinese Exclusion Act re-passed 1892,
1902 repealed 1943
90
American Society 1870-1900
San Francisco1906, segregated Asian students
into separate schools
Anti-American riots in Japan
President T. Roosevelt intervened
1907-08Gentlemens Agreement San Francisco
stopped segregation Japan limited emigration
to U. S.
91
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Factory wages at turn of 20th century 400-500
per year 600 was considered minimum for
a reasonable level of comfort

• Conditions
• Strict, monotonous schedules
• Machines performed tasks once
• valued in artisans
• Impersonal demanding system
• 6 days/week 10 hours/day
• Many unsafe/unhealthy

92
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Most disturbing aspect of factory labor Loss of
control over work conditions

• Women
• 17 of workforce
• Lower wages than adult males
• 75 under 25
• 6-8 per week
• Annual wage (1900)
• Male 597
• Female 314

93
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Child labor Under 16 in 19001.7 million
10 of all girls 10-15 20 of all boys 38
stateschild labor laws Agricultural sector
jobs exempt Children on farms 12
hours/day Children in factories 10
hours/day Canneries 16 hours/day girls
High accident rates
94
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Accident rate highest in world (of any
industrialized nation) 1907 12 railroad men a
week died on the job Factories thousands of
workers occupational diseases Lead or
phosphorus poisoning Few owners took
preventive measures
95
Factory Labor 1870-1900
1866 National Labor Union 640,000 members
Disintegrated after Panic of 1873 Excluded
women
Molly Maguires Ancient Order of
Hibernians Terrorist attacks to intimidate
coal mine operators
96
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Great Railroad Strike of 1877the first major
national labor conflict in U. S. Baltimore to St.
Louis
97
Factory Labor 1870-1900

• Knights of Labor
• Uriah S. Stephens
• Open to all who toiled
• Included women
• Championed
• 8-hour work day
• End to child labor
• Arbitration over strikes
• Equal pay for equal work

98
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Leonora Barry Womens Bureau of the Knights of
Labor
Terence V. Powderly Expanded KoL Moderate
Strikes against Powderlys wishes led to downfall
of the union.
99
Factory Labor 1870-1900
American Federation of Labor Federation of
Organized Trade and labor unions of U. S. and
Canada
Samuel Gompers
AFL most important and enduring labor group in
U. S. Association of autonomous craft unions
(mostly skilled workers/artisans) Goal secure
for workers greater share of capitalisms
material rewards
100
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Haymarket Square Bombing
May 4, 1886 Chicago Strike against McCormick
Harvester Company Bomb killed 7 officers and
injured 67 others Police fired into crowd
101
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Homestead Strike Amalgamated Association of
Iron and Steel Workers Homestead part
of Carnegie System Henry Clay Frick
Pitched battle won by union Governor of PA
sent national guard to protect
strikebreakers Public turned against strikers
when a member tried to assassinate
Frick After 4 months, Amalgamated
surrenderedsymbolized general erosion of
union strength in late 19th century
102
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Pullman Strike of 1894 Pullman Palace Car
company 600-acre company town High
rents 1893-1894cut wages by 25 but
refused to reduce rents
103
Factory Labor 1870-1900
Reasons why organized labor failed to make
greater gains Wages for works rose hardly at
all Low wages could not keep up with the
rising cost of living Major labor organizations
represented only a small portion of
industrial work force (4 in 1900) AFL
excluded unskilled workers, who were
emerging as the core of the industrial
workforce Divided due to internal tensions
Immigrantsno long-range view in US
104
Big Business
Boom in business and industry focused in North
South remained agricultural, with farmers at
mercy of railroads and their rates