Networking for Embedded Systems

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Technological Advances
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Embedded system

• Definition any device that includes a
  programmable computer but is not itself a
  general-purpose computer.
• Take advantage of application characteristics to
  optimize the design
• dont need all the general-purpose bells and
  whistles.

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Examples

• Personal digital assistant (PDA).
• Printer.
• Cell phone.
• Automobile engine, brakes, dash, etc.
• Television.
• Household appliances.
• PC keyboard (scans keys).

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Early history

• Late 1940s MIT Whirlwind computer was designed
  for real-time operations.
• Originally designed to control an aircraft
  simulator.
• First microprocessor was Intel 4004 in early
  1970s.
• HP-35 calculator used several chips to implement
  a microprocessor in 1972.

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Early history, contd.

• Automobiles used microprocessor-based engine
  controllers starting in 1970s.
• Control fuel/air mixture, engine timing, etc.
• Multiple modes of operation warm-up, cruise,
  hill climbing, etc.
• Provides lower emissions, better fuel efficiency.

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Microprocessor varieties

• Microcontroller includes I/O devices, on-board
  memory.
• Digital signal processor (DSP) microprocessor
  optimized for digital signal processing.
• Typical embedded word sizes 8-bit, 16-bit,
  32-bit.

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Automotive embedded systems

• Todays high-end automobile may have 100
  microprocessors
• 4-bit microcontroller checks seat belt
• microcontrollers run dashboard devices
• 16/32-bit microprocessor controls engine.

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Characteristics of embedded systems

• Sophisticated functionality.
• Real-time operation.
• Low manufacturing cost.
• Low power.
• Designed to tight deadlines by small teams.

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Functional complexity

• Often have to run sophisticated algorithms or
  multiple algorithms.
• Cell phone, laser printer.
• Often provide sophisticated user interfaces.

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Real-time operation

• Must finish operations by deadlines.
• Hard real time missing deadline causes failure.
• Soft real time missing deadline results in
  degraded performance.
• Many systems are multi-rate must handle
  operations at widely varying rates.

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Non-functional requirements

• Many embedded systems are mass-market items that
  must have low manufacturing costs.
• Limited memory, microprocessor power, etc.
• Power consumption is critical in battery-powered
  devices.
• Excessive power consumption increases system cost
  even in wall-powered devices.

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Why use microprocessors?

• Alternatives field-programmable gate arrays
  (FPGAs), custom logic, etc.
• Microprocessors are often very efficient can use
  same logic to perform many different functions.
• Microprocessors simplify the design of families
  of products.

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Challenges in embedded system design

• How much hardware do we need?
• How big is the CPU? Memory?
• How do we meet our deadlines?
• Faster hardware or cleverer software?
• How do we minimize power?
• Turn off unnecessary logic? Reduce memory
  accesses?

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Design methodologies

• A procedure for designing a system.
• Understanding your methodology helps you ensure
  you didnt skip anything.
• Compilers, software engineering tools,
  computer-aided design (CAD) tools, etc., can be
  used to
• help automate methodology steps
• keep track of the methodology itself.

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Design goals

• Performance.
• Overall speed, deadlines.
• Functionality and user interface.
• Manufacturing cost.
• Power consumption.
• Other requirements (physical size, etc.)

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Code compression is a useful technique for
reducing the silicon costs of systems on a chip.
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Summary

• Embedded computers are all around us.
• Many systems have complex embedded hardware and
  software.
• Embedded systems pose many design challenges
  design time, deadlines, power, etc.
• Design methodologies help us manage the design
  process.

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VLSI design product development

• Simulation of analog and digital circuits
• Simulation using CAD tools is the latest
  technology used world wide for Design
  applications ranging from FPGAS and VLSI.
• VLSI design methodology using VHDL for logic
  synthesis.

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Intel inside IIT Mumbai

• Why has Intel, the 7 billion Chip maker, opened
  a VLSI Lab in IIT Mumbai?
• Because it believes its 0.1 Million investment
  will boost the supply of Engineering talent for
  the chip design industry.
• The Indian chip design industry has moved to
  designs of higher complexity.
• TI recently developed a global scale high end
  video processor.
• Intel is making a Xeon processor (32 bit) it
  has billion transistors you can imagine the
  complexity.

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What will have the greatest impact in 2010
The Processor, The Memory or The
Interconnect?
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My Desktop PC
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High-speed Interconnects Past

• High-speed interconnects only used in medium
  and large-scale parallel computers.
• The interconnect was not the bottleneck.
• VLSI and packaging technology improvements
  were enough to scale interconnect performance.

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Internet

• Bandwidth demand in Internet doubles every six
  months.
• OC-192 optical links with DWDM increased fiber
  bandwidth by a factor of 160 to 320 with respect
  to OC-48.
• IP routers have become the main bottleneck in
  Internet.
• IP routers with thousands of ports will soon
  be needed.

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Impact of Advances in VLSI

• Larger integration scales will aggravate the
  interconnection problem
• Wire delay (per unit length) increases while
  silicon delay decreases.
• Most of the power will be used to drive wires.
• Quantum technology will dramatically increase
  integration scale but interconnects between
  chips (or chips and disks) will not use the
  same technology.

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Future

• Industry is very likely to require high speed
  interconnects in more areas
• On chip networks
• As VLSI technology advances, transistors
  become faster but wires become slower.
• Microprocessors will be designed as several
  subsystems linked through high-speed
  interconnects.

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Other Developments
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Finger print of living person only accepted

• This invention will make sure that it is not
  possible to obtain access authorization with fake
  fingers or cut-off fingers.
• The invention is based on the fact that living
  human skin has a characteristic layer structure.
  These layers of the skin have clearly different
  electric conductivities.
• The method is to read signals that bounce off
  skin when fingers are placed on a surface
  embedded with electric conductors.
• In the case of a cut-off finger, since the skin
  tissue is dying off, the pattern of signals
  received will be different from that of a live
  finger.

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Composite Molecules store rewritable digital data

• Ideal storage medium would combine magnetic
  tapes compact 3D data store with a disk drives
  speedy access.
• UC (around 1990) developed a prototype aimed at
  this ideal.
• They embedded a transparent matrix with
  photochromes molecules that flip between 2
  stable structures in response to light of the
  right frequency.
• Sub volumes of the matrixs each containing
  several thousand photochromes, served as the data
  bits.
• To write a bit, 2 perpendicular laser beams the
  laser beams are pointed at the corresponding sub
  volumes. Ordinarily, the lights would pass right
  through without absorption. But the combined
  frequency of 2 beams was set at just the right
  value to trigger the molecular shape shift.
• If the beams are intense enough, a nonlinear 2
  photon absorption process will kick in, and where
  the beams converged, the bit would flip from 0 to
  1.

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HP reinvents the integrated circuit with
molecular components

• Hewlett-Packard demonstrated the highest-density
  electronically addressable memory reported to
  date.
• The laboratory demonstration circuit, a 64 bit
  memory using molecules as switches, occupied a
  square micron of space.
• Thats an area so tiny that more than 1,000
  circuits could fit on the end of a strand of a
  human hair.

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HP reinvents the integrated circuit with
molecular components (Contd.)

• The bit density of the device is more than 10
  times greater than todays silicon memory chips.
• It combined, for the first time, both memory and
  logic using rewritable, non-volatile
  molecular-switch devices.
• The lab fabricated the circuits using an advanced
  system of manufacturing called nano-imprint
  lithography, essentially a printing method that
  allows an entire wafer of circuits to be stamped
  out quickly and inexpensively from a master.

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Linux invades consumer electronics industry

• Linux, currently a software system, mostly used
  to power big servers and PCs, is also emerging as
  a small set of computing code to drive devices
  like mobile phones, remote controls and TVs.
• Low cost and freedom to tweak the software are
  reasons why a number of worlds largest consumer
  electronics majors like Sony, Matsushita and
  others have set up an alliance recently to
  develop and promote Linux for consumer
  electronics products.
• Linuxs key advantage over other operating
  systems is that the core software is freely
  available and widely embraced.
• Linuxs core software (Kernel) which drives the
  chips and other basic functions of a device, can
  be as small as one Megabyte if embedded in a
  consumer electronics product.
• A single high quality digital picture or one
  minute of MP3 music can be store on one Megabyte
  of memory.
• Motorola has launched Linux mobile phone for the
  Chinese market, while Philips has a remote
  control running on Linux for all the electronic
  devices in a home.

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Call Centre Technology (1965)
Now called Contacts Centres Telecom Computers
technology Service Industry enhanced by use
of MM (fax, email, video, etc.)

• Agent based service related to certain commercial
  activities over phone.
• Provides speed and accurate information to users.
  The customer makes a call through PSTN. The call
  is processed through an automated call
  distribution system (plus front end software).
• The call is routed through a PBX to an
  interactive voice response system.
• Voice recognition technology and language
  translation aspects are integrated with the above
  basic system, thereby accepting the customers
  voice and multi lingual inputs.

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Convergence of Technologies

• Communications has advanced a lot. It is a
  technological movement. Call it an Evolution or
  Revolution!
• Convergence is shaping the world of production,
  communication, health systems, education,
  delivery transportation and more.
• Change is happening rapidly because of rapid
  diffusion of information.
• National boundaries are diffusing / getting
  blurred international interests are growing.
• Convergence is an integrated approach integrated
  communication, information processing and media
  technologies.
• Convergence provides seamless networks that
  ensure global personal connectivity and enables
  access to broadband wireless multimedia
  communications.
• Ex Convergence of hardware technologies to
  enhance use of mobile phones, camera phone, cell
  phone as a scanner, Remote controller, etc.

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Nanotechnology advances

• A list of life altering nanotechnologies that are
  imminent
• Two to Five years from now
• Car tyres that need air only once a year
• Self-assembly of small electronic parts based on
  artificial DNA
• New artificial semiconductors based on proteins
• Instant, error-proof pregnancy tests
• Complete medical diagnostic laboratories on a
  single computer chip
• Go-anywhere concentrators that produce drinkable
  water from air.

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Nanotechnology advances (Contd.)

• Five to 10 years
• Erasable and re-writable paper for programmable
  books, magazines and new papers
• Powerful computers you can wear or fold into your
  wallet
• Bullet proof armour based on nano-bio-mimicry of
  mother-of-pearl
• Light, efficient ceramic car engines
• Intelligent hearing aids that duplicate the ears
  ability to distinguish speakers
• Drugs and drug delivery systems that turn AIDS
  and cancer into lower level manageable conditions
• Smart buildings that self stabilize during
  earthquakes or bombings
• Pharmaceuticals tailored to the individual

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Nanotechnology advances (Contd.)

• 10 to 15 years
• True artificial intelligence too sophisticated
  for you to tell if you are communicating with
  human or machine
• Paint-on computer and entertainment video
  displays
• Guyed structures 20-100 miles high for satellite
  launches and direct communication
• Instant and automatic heating, cooling and
  materials sorting at zero-energy cost from
  semi-intelligent devices that sort single
  molecules
• Elimination of invasive surgery, since bodies can
  be monitored and repaired almost totally from
  within

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Nanotechnology advances (Contd.)

• After 15 years?
• Beyond present human imagination!

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Creative Engineer?
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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work

• Challenging
• Connecting
• Visualizing
• Collaborating
• Harmonizing
• Improvising
• Re-organizing
• Synthesizing

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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work (Contd.)

• Challenging
• Ex Base Isolation bearings
• Seismic base isolation against earthquakes
  consists of layered rubber and steel pads to
  separate buildings from the ground.
• This approach challenges the customary view that
  a building is stable by fixing it more firmly to
  the earth. This approach of arm wrestling with
  nature is neither clever nor subtle.
• The new technology breaks from this by allowing a
  building to move within limits.

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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work (Contd.)

• Connecting
• Ex Tissue Engineering
• Creates usable human tissues for repairing or
  replacing damaged ones.
• This is a combination of Medical, Biological,
  Chemical, Materials Science, Mechanical and
  Electrical engg.
• Cells are grown on bio-degradable structures. Ex
  skin and cartilage.

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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work (Contd.)

• Visualizing
• Ex Finite Element method (FEM)
• Pictures have been one of the first human efforts
  for building and making things. Even before the
  pictures on cave walls, slates or blueprints,
  there were images in the creators minds.
• It is a human characteristic to think visually.
  The FEM allows a designer to build a model in a
  computer, allows the engineer to manipulate the
  model and see instantly the results.

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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work (Contd.)

• Collaborating - Ex Boeing 777
• Some creations are the product of creative effort
  and could not be imagined from any other source.
• Collective creativity ( ? Talents Capabilities)
  is more than the sum of their individual efforts.
• A jet airliner is one of the most complicated
  products designed by modern Engineers contains
  millions of parts working together to meet high
  standards of performance, reliability and safety.
• Uses pioneering communication methods/computer
  networking bringing together thousands of
  engineers working in different places

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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work (Contd.)
Collaborating - Ex Boeing 777
2200 workstations linked trough 8 mainframe
computers - software developed by IBM Computer
Aided 3D interactive application. This led to
a system called Electronic pre-assembly in the
Computer allowing Engineers in different
locations to design and test virtual prototypes
of crucial components of the airplane. Designing
such planes proved the idea of creative
collaboration integrating new technologies and
new organizational techniques.
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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work (Contd.)
Harmonizing Ex Hanging Lake viaduct

• Who thought of the magnificent opening of the
  San Francisco Bay (The Golden Gate)in 1930?
• Construction of a viaduct to carry the road
  over a narrow curving and very beautiful stretch
  of the Colorado river.
• Sometimes a structure is not so much for
  reshaping our perceptions of space but also to
  enhance them.
• Designing a structure that would not only
  harmonize with its environment but also minimize
  the harm to the river and its surroundings.
• Giant gantry and cranes were used to pre-cast
  concrete box girders of the bridge into place
  from above no of piers supporting the road was
  reduced.

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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work (Contd.)
Improvising Ex Voyager 2
Space exploration is highly challenging.
Activities have to be thoroughly planned from
start to finish. The most significant space
engineers improvisation took place in fixing
damaged spacecraft or instrumentation such as the
Hubble Space Telescope and the Apollo 13
craft. The Voyager 2 space probe launched in
1977 for the Jupiter and Saturn was designed to
work for 5 years worked for 12 years,
transmitting pictures of the most distant
planets. For this to happen successfully,
Voyager 2, while in orbit, had to be constantly
re-engineered, repaired, re-programmed and
reconfigured by the earth bound engineers an
extra-ordinary feat.
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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work (Contd.)
Reorienting Ex Sunken ship at Vizag port
Proposal to link the major rivers
Sometimes true creativity lies not in new
solutions but new formulation of problems. From
time to time we should look at the world anew,
change / revise our goals / notions of what is
important or not. Accordingly we may have to
simply change our minds.
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The Creative Engineer Universal characteristics
of creative work (Contd.)
Synthesizing Ex Roller Coasters
Creative Engineers will not think in just one
mode they apply their imagination and skills in
many different directions at the same time.
Roller coasters are examples of technical
innovations that constantly beckons to the
imagination for fun and safety. (with corkscrew
turns, multiple loops and suspended
coasters) Incorporates modern light weight
materials, electronic controls, FEM designs,
aero-dynamics, structural innovations, expertise
from psychology and physiology.
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Todays Business Environment

• In todays highly competitive business
  environment, the highfliers with their
  preparedness to take risks and attempt seemingly
  impossible tasks will be noted.
• They will be quick in executing the jobs in their
  hands, many a time ahead of schedules and make
  themselves free to do more. Obviously, they will
  be tipped for higher assignments, whenever
  opportunities come up.
• There are others who conveniently position
  themselves behind the pillars as they want to
  escape eye contact with the people in charge of
  affairs. They will have a sigh of relief, as they
  could return to their complacent way of working
  of just doing the routine jobs.

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Todays Business Environment (Contd.)

• There is a lot of potential lying dormant and
  un-utilized in most of us. It is even stated
  that, on an average, only 20 of the capabilities
  in human beings are tapped generally. But the
  highfliers exploit them to the maximum extent to
  produce commendable results. It is only natural
  then that they get noticed and pushed up in the
  ladder.

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Challenge A case study
The Japanese have always loved fresh fish. But
the waters close to Japan have not held many fish
for decades. So to feed the Japanese population,
fishing boats got bigger and went farther than
ever. The farther the fishermen went, the
longer it took to bring in the fish. If the
return trip took more than a few days, the fish
were not fresh. The Japanese did not like the
taste. To solve this problem, fishing companies
installed freezers on their boats. They would
catch the fish and freeze them at sea. Freezers
allowed the boats to go farther and stay longer.
However, the Japanese could taste the difference
between fresh and frozen and they did not like
frozen fish. The frozen fish brought a lower
price.
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Challenge A case study (Contd)
So fishing companies installed fish tanks. They
would catch the fish and stuff them in the tanks,
fin to fin. After a little thrashing around, the
fish stopped moving. They were tired and dull,
but alive.   Unfortunately, the Japanese could
still taste the difference. Because the fish did
not move for days, they lost their fresh-fish
taste. The Japanese preferred the lively taste of
fresh fish, not sluggish fish. So how did
Japanese fishing companies solve this problem?
How do they get fresh-tasting fish to Japan?
  If you were consulting the fish industry, what
would you recommend?
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Challenge A case study (Contd)
For the Japanese fish problem, the best solution
is simple. It was observed by L.Ron Hubbard in
the early 1950's.   "Man thrives, oddly enough,
only in the presence of a challenging
environment. The Benefits of a Challenge - The
more intelligent, persistent and competent you
are, the more you enjoy a good problem. So now
How did the Japanese Fish Stay Fresh? To keep
the fish tasting fresh, the Japanese fishing
companies still put the fish in the tanks. But
now they add a small shark to each tank. The
shark eats a few fish, but most of the fish
arrive in a very lively stateThe fish are
challenged. Recommendations Don't create
success and lie in it. Do not thrive on past
glory. You have resources, skills and abilities
to make a difference. Put a shark in your tank
and see how far you can really go!
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A winner is not one who never fails, but one who
NEVER QUITS!
When Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
in 1876, it did not ring off the hook with calls
from potential backers. After making a
demonstration call, President Rutherford Hayes
said, "That's an amazing invention, but who would
ever want to see one of them?"
When Thomas Edison invented the light
bulb, he tried over 2000 experiments before he
got it to work. A young reporter asked him how it
felt to fail so many times. He said, "I never
failed once. I invented the light bulb. It just
happened to be a 2000-step process."
A school teacher scolded a boy for
not paying attention to his mathematics and for
not being able to solve simple problems. She told
him that you would not become anybody in life.
The boy went on to become Albert
Einstein.
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Man making education

• The aim of education is not the acquisition of
  information, although important, or acquisition
  of technical skills, though essential in modern
  society, but the development of that bent of
  mind, that attitude of reason, that spirit of
  democracy which will make us responsible
  citizens." The goal is commitment to knowledge
  and advancement of learning.
• Not only acquiring skills (Taxi driver)
• Man Spiritual entity Physical body
• Able to fly or swim does not constitute essence
  of man
• ? Body, mind and spirituality

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A Teacher is one who is genuinely concerned and
loving towards students, but will worry you
like your mom bugging you at home.
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Good Luck