Cell%20Chemistry%20and%20Biosynthesis

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• Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis

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Overview

• Major Atoms
• Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds
• Water, non-covalent force in water
• Four major families of small molecules
• Sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
• Three macromolecule families polysaccharide,
  protein, nucleic acid
• Non covalent bonds determine molecular shape and
  interactions

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The Chemical Components of A Cell

• Basic Element Atom, protons, Neutrons, Electrons
• Atomic Weight, Molecular Weight
• Avgadros number (6x1023 molecules), Mole (1
  mole 6x1023 molecules), Molar solution
  (1M1mole/liter)
• Electron shells (2,8,8,18,18)

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Carbon and Hydrogen
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Chemical Elements for Live Organisms
H, C, O, and N make up 96.5 weight of a living
organism
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The Chemical Bonds

• Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds
• Bond length and bond strength
• Covalent bonds Single bond, double bond, polar
  bond
• Van der waals force

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Covalent Bond and Ionic Bond Ionic bond electron
transfer Covalent bond electron sharing
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Sodium Chloride ionic bond formation
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The geometry of covalent bonds
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Important Energy Levels
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The Van der Waals forces
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The Water Environment

• 70 of cell is water
• Hydrogen bond
• Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
• Acid and base
• Proton and hydroxyl
• Non-covalent interactions in water Ionic bonds,
  hydrogen bonds, van der waals attractions,
  hydrophobic force

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Acid Donate a proton
Base Absorb a proton or donate OH-
NH3H2O-gtNH4OH- NaOH-gtNaOH-
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Ionic bonds in Water
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Hydrogen bond Polar interaction a
elecgtropositive hydrogen is shared by two
neighboring electornegative atoms
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Molecular Interaction in solution 1. H-bond
(hydrogen bond), 2. Ionic bond, 3. Van der
Waals 4. Hydrophobic force
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Four Major Families of Small Organic Molecules

• Sugars-gt polysaccharides
• Fatty acids -gt fats, lipids, membranes
• Amino acids -gt proteins
• Nucleotides -gt nucleic acids

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Four Major Small Organic Molecules
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Sugar (CH2O)n, carbohydrates Glucose
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Disaccharide Condensation and hydrolysis
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Fatty Acids
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Phospholipid (amphipathic)
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Amino Acid
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Amino Acid and pH values
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Peptides and proteins
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Nucleotides
ATP (ribonucleotide adenosine triphosphate)
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Nucleotides and DNA, RNA DNA deoxyribonucleic
acids A(adenine) G(guanine) T(thymine) C
(cytosine) RNA ribonucleic acids A G U(Uracil) C
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Macromolecules
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Three families of macromolecules
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The assembly of macromolecules