THE ANIMAL CELL, ITS PARTS, AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

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THE ANIMAL CELL, ITS PARTS, AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

• ALSA C2-1

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OBJECTIVES

1. Define the cell as a basic unit of life.
2. Compare and contrast animal and plant cells.
3. Compare and contrast animal, plant, and bacterial
   cells at the biological and chemical levels.
4. Describe the genomes in animal cells nucleus and
   mitochondria.
5. Describe how cells move and maintain their shape.

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TERMS
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TERMS
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How is a cell the basic unit of life?

• A cell can best be described by the cell theory,
  coined in nineteenth century by researchers
  Schleiden and Schwann.
• A. Cells are tiny building blocks that form
  structures for various functions in the animals
  body.
• They must take up nutrients from their external
  environment.
• They must excrete waste into their external
  environment and must perform some sort of
  function within the body.

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How is a cell the basic unit of life?

• B. The cell theory was compiled from discoveries
  of research over several centuries.
• It first began when a researcher mastered the use
  of a microscope and discovered small compartments
  in the cork of a tree.
• He gave theses small compartments the Latin name
  of cellulae, meaning small rooms.

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How is a cell the basic unit of life?

• C. As research in cells advanced, it was
  determined that all cells from organisms are not
  the same.
• Cells are divided into two major categories.
• 1. Eukaryotic cells are multi-cellular organisms
  that have at least one membrane
  that
  encloses the nucleus.
• This includes plant
  and
  animal cells.

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How is a cell the basic unit of life?

• 2. Prokaryotic cells are single cell organisms
  that do not have a separate membrane enclosing
  the DNA or other internal parts.
• An example of a Prokaryotic cell would include
  bacterial cells.

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How is a cell the basic unit of life?

• 3. A major difference between the two types of
  cells is Eukaryotic cells have organelles, while
  Prokaryotic cells do not.
• 4. Another contrast between the two cell types
  can be found in cell division.
• Prokaryotic cells reproduce
  through
  prokaryotic fission
• Eukaryotic cells divide through
  nuclear
  division such as mitosis
  and meiosis.
• 5. Eukaryotic cells are larger than Prokaryotic
  cells

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• Plant and animal cells belong to
  the same Eukaryotic
  group, but
  contain some different cell
  structures.
• A. All carryout a major function
  in an organism
• 1. They contain some similarities in their
  makeup, but plants are designed to harvest energy
  from sources such as the sun.
• 2. This is not the case in animal cells, where
  the cells are nourished through the consumption
  of grasses and grains.

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• B. Animal cells are made up of several major
  components.
• They include organelles, or internal
  membrane-bound sacs or compartments that serve
  one or more specialized functions.

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• 1. Cell membrane is a soft and pliable substance
  that surrounds the cell and controls the movement
  of materials in and out of the cell body.
• 2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a connecting
  network of membranes between the cell membrane
  and the nucleus.
• The ER breaks down raw
  materials entering
  the cell
  into more simple compounds.
  

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• 3. Ribosomes manufacture new proteins within the
  cell.
• Many of the ribosomes are attached to the ER.
• 4. Mitochondria are an egg shaped organelle that
  manufactures ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
• The ATP is utilized as an energy source for the
  cell.
• 5. Lysomes are round organelles that promote
  digestion of proteins in the cell through
  the release
  of specialized
  enzymes.

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• 6. Golgi body is a type of processing and
  packaging center.
• 7. Nucleus is located at or near the center of
  the cell and controls all activities of the cell.
  
• It is filled with chromosomes, or small strands
  of genetic material.

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• 8. Nucleolus is a round structure that develops
  inside of the nucleus when cell grow.
• 9. Nuclear Membrane surrounds the nucleus within
  the cell.
• 10. Cytoplasm is a
  jelly-like
  substance
  found between the
  
  cell membrane and
  surrounds the nucleus.

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• C. Plant cells also contain organelles, but have
  features to assist in collecting nourishment from
  sunlight as well as converting carbon dioxide to
  oxygen.
• Plants also rely on their cells to provide shape
  and rigidity.

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• 1. Cell wall is a firm membranous substance that
  surrounds plant cells and controls the movement
  of materials in and out of the cell body.
• 2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a connecting
  network of membranes between the cell wall and
  the nucleus.

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• 3. Ribosomes manufacture new proteins within the
  cell.
• Many of the ribosomes are attached to the ER.
• They perform the same function in plants cells
  as they do in
  animal cells proteins are
  assembled for new growth.
• 4. Mitochondria are an egg shaped organelle that
  manufactures ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
• 5. Lysomes are round organelles that promote
  digestion of proteins in the cell through the
  release of specialized enzymes.

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• 6. Golgi body is a type of processing
  and packaging center.
• 7. Nucleus is located at or near the center of
  the cell and controls all activities of the cell.
  
• 8. Nucleolus is a round structure that
  develops inside of the
  nucleus when cell
  grow.
• 9. Nuclear Membrane surrounds
  the nucleus within the
  cell.

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What are the differences between animal and plant
cells?

• 10. Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance found
  between the cell membrane and surrounds the
  nucleus.
• 11. Photosynthetic pigments
  facilitate the conversion
  of light
  to energy.
• 12. Chloroplast is an organelle
  in plants that
  are not present in
  animal cells.
• 13. Central vacuole increases surface area of
  plant cells and provides a place for storage of
  nutrients and other materials.

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How do animal, plant, and bacterial cells differ
at biological and chemical levels?

• Cells from plants, animals, and bacteria differ
  in physical and chemical properties.
• A. Prokaryotic cells are the smallest known cells
  found on earth.
• Plant and animal cells are classified as
  Eukaryotic cells.
• It is a multi-cellular organism that
  has
  at least one membrane that
  encloses the
  nucleus.
• Any cell that starts out life with a
  
  nucleus is called a eukaryotic cell.

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How do animal, plant, and bacterial cells differ
at biological and chemical levels?

• B. Animal cells are complex and perform
  a number of different
  functions
• 1. One major difference between plant and
  animal cells,
  animal cells do not have cell walls.
• 2. In the animal cell, the endoplasmic reticulum
  provides a network of membranes that attach the
  cell membrane to the nucleus.
• 3. Animal cells play a major role in
  reproduction.
• 4. The chemical processes of animal cells are
  quite advanced.
• 5. The electrical pulses occur in nerve cells and
  perform such functions as pain triggers or
  provide signals for increased respiration.

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How do animal, plant, and bacterial cells differ
at biological and chemical levels?

• C. Plant cells are classified as eukaryotic
  cells. Like animal cells, their DNAis housed in
  the nucleus.
• 1. Food is created inside plant cells to provide
  for growth and
  development of the plant and
  gases are exchanged that convert
  carbon dioxide
  into oxygen.
• 2. Plant cells are very efficient at growth and
  development.
• They have a central vacuole that is a fluid
  filled organelle that
  holds sugars, ions, amino acids, and
  toxic waste to help a cell
  grow.

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How do animal, plant, and bacterial cells differ
at biological and chemical levels?

• 3. The central vacuole enlarges so much in size
  that it takes up 5090 of the cells interior.
• 4. Plant cells reproduce by cell division.
• 5. The major chemical reaction occurring in
  many plant cells is the
  process called
  photosynthesis.
• 6. These chemical activities that help keep plant
  cells alive would falter without the
  compartmentalization of the photosynthetic cell.

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How do animal, plant, and bacterial cells differ
at biological and chemical levels?

• D. Bacterial cells are classified as prokaryotic
  cells.
• Their DNA is not housed in the nucleus.
• Bacterial cells can be found everywhere in the
  world we live in.

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How do animal, plant, and bacterial cells differ
at biological and chemical levels?

• 1. Some bacterial cells can cause animal and
  plant diseases, while others are beneficial to
  life.
• An example of a harmful bacterial cell includes
  E. coli (Escherichia coli) found in ground beef.
• 2. Bacterial cells are very efficient at growth
  and reproduction when provided the right
  environment.

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How do animal, plant, and bacterial cells differ
at biological and chemical levels?

• 3. Many bacterial cells can divide every
  half-hour, even some every ten to twenty minutes.
  
• 4. Bacterial cells typically reproduce by a
  process called prokaryotic fission.
• 5. Some types of bacterial cells are extremely
  hardy and can withstand hostile conditions.

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How do animal, plant, and bacterial cells differ
at biological and chemical levels?

• 6. Like all cells, bacterial cells need a food
  source to survive.
• 7. The introduction of bacterial cells into a
  host animal may change the chemical interaction
  of the body.
• 8. Bacterial cells can be controlled at the
  chemical level by vaccinating with vaccines and
  serums.

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What are the genomes in an animal cells nucleus
and mitochondria?

• The genomes, or inheritable information of animal
  cells can be found in the DNA.
• The DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid is a
  protein-like nucleic acid containing genetic
  codes of information.
• Both the nucleus and mitochondria of animal cells
  contain DNA.

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What are the genomes in an animal cells nucleus
and mitochondria?

• A. Mitochondria DNA (mDNA) functions
  separately from the DNA found in the
  nucleus.
• It provides coded messages for the function of
  the mitochondria only.
• Both are crucial for animal cells to carryout
  specialized functions.
• B. The nucleus performs two major functions in
  the cell.
• It separates the DNA molecules from the metabolic
  elements of the cytoplasm and provides a
  membranous divide for the cells movement of
  materials to and from the cytoplasm.
• C. All animal cells contain at least one
  mitochondrion.
• Depending on the energy needs of the cell, you
  will find more mitochondria for ATP production.

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How do cells move and maintain their shape?

• Eukaryotic cells, such as animal cells require a
  specialized system in order to maintain their
  shape and move materials within the cell.
• This specialized system is called the
  cytoskeleton.
• A. The cytoskeleton supports
  the cell as
  well as facilitates
  movement of cell parts
  and
  certain functions of motility.

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How do cells move and maintain their shape?

• B. The cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell is
  made up
  of three major parts in animal cells.
• The largest part of the cytoskeleton is made up
  of microtubules.
• They are responsible for the internal arrangement
  and movement of cell structures and organelles
  into new locations of an animal cell.

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How do cells move and maintain their shape?

• 1. Microtubules are straight, hollowed,
  cylinder-shaped elements that are 25 nanometers
  across.
• They are made up of tubulin monomers, forming two
  chemically unique polypeptide chains. They
  usually grow out in various directions from the
  centrosome of animal cells.
• 2. The centrosome is a type
  of
  organization center.

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How do cells move and maintain their shape?

• C. The second part of the cytoskeleton
  is made up of
  microfilaments.
• They are much smaller than microtubules,
  only about 6
  nanometers across.
• Microfilaments tend to form in bundles called the
  cell cortex.
• D. The third element, unique to animal cells, is
  intermediate filaments.
• They assist in maintaining the shape of cells and
  their components.
• They are slightly larger than microfilaments, at
  8 to 12 nanometers in width.

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How do cells move and maintain their shape?

• E. Cells move chromosomes, vesicles, and other
  components along microtubules and microfilaments.
  
• These movements are powered along their defined
  path by motor proteins, such as kinesin, dynein,
  and myosin.
• These motor proteins are fueled
  by ATP
  hydrolysis to perform
  such functions as
  chromosome
  movement, alignment of
  multiple
  endoplasmic
  reticulums, or the
  contraction
  of a muscle by myosin.

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REVIEW

• How is a cell the basic unit of life?
• What are the differences between animal and plant
  cells?
• How do animal, plant, and bacterial cells differ
  at biological and chemical levels?
• What are the genomes in an animal cells nucleus
  and mitochondria?
• How do cells move and maintain their shape?