Sustainable Development:

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• Sustainable Development
• Principles and Practices

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Sustainable Development as Integration
Science Technology
Environment
Environment
Society
Politics
Economy
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Principles and Practices

• Principles traditions, dominant premises,
  ideologies, habits, theories, ways of thinking,
  physical laws etc. that shape environmental
  behaviour
• Practices ways we impact the environment and
  ways to change impacts on environment

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Core SusDev Principles

• inter-generational equity
• intra-generational equity
• public trust doctrine
• precautionary principle
• subsidiarity principle
• polluter pays principle (PPP)
• user pays principle (UPP)

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Sustainable Development as Integration
Science Technology
Environment
Environment
Society
Politics
Economy
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Environment

• Components air, land, water and their flora and
  fauna
• Prevailing principles physics, biogeochemical
  cycles, greenhouse effect, evolution
• Challenges for susdev principles coexistence
  with human use, multiple use, carrying capacity
  (maximum sustainable yield).
• Practices environmental impact assessment,
  strategic environmental assessment

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Carrying Capacity

• The maximum number of individuals of a species
  that can be sustained by an environment without
  decreasing the capacity of the environment to
  sustain that same amount in the future.

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Environmental Practices

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

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Environmental Assessment
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Develop now,minimize associated costs and, if
forced to, clean up later
Sustainability
Environmental Evaluation / Environmental
Assessment / Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
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An Environmental Impact is any change to the
environment, whether adverse or beneficial,
wholly or partially resulting from human
activities
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Initial Assessment, Prevention and Checking
Initial environmental situation
Resulting environmental situation
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Environmental Status
Environmental Aspects/Activities
Environmental Impacts
Construction, Operation, and Decommissioning of
Past, Present, Future
Emissions Extractions

• Infrastructure
• Reclamation
• Public utilities
• Residential uses
• Industrial uses
• Agriculture / Fisheries
• Recreation / Tourist
• Mitigation measures
• Others

• Air quality
• Water quality
• Solid Waste
• Noise
• Ecology
• Land contamination
• Visual and landscape
• Cultural Heritage
• Others

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Screening and Scoping

• Each activity would impose different degrees of
  impacts on various Environmental Aspects.
• Some may be significant / not significant
• Limited financial, human time resources
• Activities with significant adverse impacts
• Set scope of environmental evaluation

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Baseline conditions

• Measurement of environmental parameters BEFORE
  the project / activity in question
• Conditions if the activity is not carried out
• Natural fluctuations of environment
• Data must be representative
• Form the reference point to which the actual
  environmental impacts is compared

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Prediction of impacts

• Environmental acceptability of the project
• Design mitigation measure in the planning stage
• Nature and Significance of impacts
• Direct impacts, indirect impacts
• Cumulative and Synergistic impacts
• Positive impacts, negative impacts
• Short, medium and long term impacts
• Reversible and irreversible impacts
• Qualitative or quantitative predictions
• Documented (e.g. EIS / report) and reviewed

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• Baseline ecological survey
• Ecological value
• Species Plant, Mammal, Bird
• Habitat map
• Seasonality

Ecological evaluation

• Impacts evaluation
• Direct and indirect impacts
• Air water pollution
• Noise lighting disturbance
• Human activities
• Habitat loss fragmentation

• Checklist and matrices
• Maps and GIS
• Modeling
• Expert opinion

• Existing land-use and impacts
• Relevant legislations
• Cumulative impacts

• Mitigation measures
• Monitoring and audit

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Impacts of new road / widening, etc.

• Resulting from construction
• Resulting from operation (road traffic)
• Resulting from improved accessibility

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Ecological evaluation

• Impacts on existing flora, fauna and wildlife
  habitats
• Include both marine and terrestrial ecology

An Ecological assessment should consist of

• Ecological baseline information
• Identification and prediction of impacts
• Evaluation of impact significance
• Alternatives and mitigation measures
• Monitoring and audit programme

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Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

• A systematic process, with multi-stakeholder
  involvement, for analysing and evaluating
  environmental implications of proposed policies,
  plans and programmes, for assisting in strategic
  or planning decision-making and for following up
  strategic or planning decisions.

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SEA Process in Hong Kong
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SEA Process in Hong Kong
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Approaches of SEA - Way Forward

• Empowerment of the community and stakeholders on
  environmental choices, environmental knowledge
  and environmentally responsible decision making
• Internalizing environmental sustainability into
  each and every major strategy or policy
• Paradigm shift on evaluating the legitimacy of
  needsParadigm shift on evaluating financial
  viability of environmentally better choices
• Interactive, continuous public involvement and
  engagement, including the traditional means and
  modern communication and information technologies
  (3-D virtual reality with instantaneous
  engagement process)

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Baseline Information

• Observation
• Printed materials, government publications
• Talking to stakeholders

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Environmental Sources

• Air, land, water, noise quality, and conservation
  http//www.epd.gov.hk/epd
• Biodiversity and Habitats http//www.hkbiodiversit
  y.net http//www.susdev.gov.hk/html/en/su/consult
  .htm
• Fish http//www.hk-fish.net/eng/index.htm

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Hong Kong Habitats
Area Mapped for Area (ha) Each Habitat
Type Cover Type High Value Ecological
Habitat Fung Shui Forest 106.3 0.1 Montane
Forest 123.4 0.1 Lowland Forest 18318.3 16.5
Mixed Shrubland 15196.5 13.7 Freshwater/
Brackish Wetland 130.1 0.1 Natural
Watercourse 803.9 0.7 Mangrove 343.1 0.3 Int
ertidal Mudflat 656.1 0.6 Seagrass
Bed 5.4 0.0 Subtotal 35683 32.1 Medium
Value Ecological Habitat Plantation or
Plantation /Mixed Forest 417.0 0.4 Shrubby
Grassland 24674.8 22.2 Fishpond/Gei
wai 1031.7 0.9 Sandy Shore 179.6 0.2 Rocky
Shore 94.2 0.1 Cultivation 3838.3 3.5 Subto
tal 30236 27.2
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Hong Kong Habitats
Area Mapped for Area (ha) Each Habitat
Type Cover Type Low Value Ecological
Habitat Bare Rock or Soil 5101.8 4.6 Grassla
nd 21572.7 19.4 Modified Watercourse 2384.1
2.1 Artificial Rocky/Hard Shoreline 315.4 0.3 G
olf Course/Urban Park 1398.3 1.3 Quarry 168
.6 0.2 Subtotal 30941 27.8 Negligible
Value Ecological Habitat Rural Industrial
Storage/Containers 1379.2 1.3 Landfill 404.3
0.4 Others 12656.3 11.4 Subtotal 14440
13.0
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http//www.netlingo.com/more/poptick.html
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Sustainable Development as Integration
Science Technology
Environment
Environment
Society
Politics
Economy
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In principle why does society play the central
role in susdev?

• Inter and intra generational environmental equity
  is the core of sustainability, and has
  consequences for
• Resource/pollution allocation
• Responsibility and action
• Mobilization for change

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In practice why does society play the central
role in susdev?

• Society shapes quantitative and qualitative
  demand on environment
• Directly through consumption and indirectly
  through influence on technology, economy, and
  politics

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Foundation Definitions

1. Society large scale (nation, city) interaction
   based on shared values and beliefs, but indirect
   and legal relationships
2. Community small scale (village, town, church,
   team, company) interaction based on shared
   values and beliefs, but more intimate and informal

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Society

• Components individuals, households, classes,
  diverse common interest groups spatial and
  organizational clustering
• Prevailing principles territoriality
  (nationalism, regionalism), ethnicity, religions,
  individualism, collectivism, consumption, social
  stratification, equality
• Challenges to SusDev principals changing social
  trajectories population equity challenge lack
  of awareness/connection/responsibility (local
  global) conflict of interests
• Practices social assessment, awareness building,
  social movements, community building

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Social Trajectories and Environment

• We want to understand what forms of social
  interaction compel society to damage the
  environment and how they can be changed.
• Social trajectories
• Values
• Growth
• Feedback
• Positive
• Negative

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The Threat Overshoot going beyond a limit
without intending to.

• Resources (sources) over-exploitation
• Pollution sink exceeding assimilation capacity

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The consequences of overshoot collapse
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Population

• (Demography)
• Population size,
• Structure of population
• Causes for change

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Population Projections to 2050

• High (Present) 2.6 children per woman
• 10.6 billion
• Medium (Falling to) 2.1 children per woman
• 9.1 billion
• Low (Falling to) 1.6 children per woman
• 7.6 billion

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Total Growth
Growth per Decade
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The Demographic Transition
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What are the positive and negative feedbacks
maintaining or changing these trajectories?
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Stages of Demographic Transition

• Stage 1 Stable population levels because of a
  steady state of high birth and death rates (stage
  1) sanitation, health care, nutrition, and
  wealth are limited subsistence agriculture
• Stage 2 Rapid population growth because of high
  birth and low death rates primarily a decrease
  in childhood deaths better agricultural
  techniques, food supply, and education Nigeria,
  Indonesia, Bangladesh.
• Stage 3 Falling rate of increase because of
  falling birth rates specialization of
  agriculture, industrialization, and urbanization
  government policy, contraception, female
  education and rights China India.
• Stage 4 Equalization of low birth and death
  rates creating stable population increasing
  costs of raising children and priority given to
  consumption Sweden, France
• Stage 5 Decreasing population because of lower
  births than deaths cost of urban living and
  shifting priorities Hong Kong, Japan, Italy.

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Why the difference between India and China?
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Other Examples of Overshoot

• The ozone layer
• Global warming
• The sixth extinction
• Ocean fisheries
• Chinese desertification

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Equity (Affluence) Challenge

• How can we improve social equity without
  generating greater environmental damage if equity
  requires raising basic levels of
• Mobility
• Infrastructure
• Health
• Education
• Housing
• Amenities (recreation, travel, etc.)?

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Affluence

• Increases throughput of resources and energy
• Private and public consumption
• Urbanization and services
• Upgrading of equity (socially conditioned)

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Global Population and Per Capita Consumption as
Drivers of Global Consumption
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OECD Trends

• Energy 36 increase 1973-98 35 increase
  expected by 2020 despite efficiency gains
• Transport 550 million vehicles (75 cars) grow
  32 40 more miles driven global air transport
  triple
• Waste municipal solid waste will grow 42
  1995-2020 recycling increasing but is not
  keeping up
• Water household water use stable in 9 countries
  rising in others
• Food more meat, vegetables, fish, processed,
  imported and organic food eaten increase in
  packaging, transportation.

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Can the World afford both the American and
Chinese Dreams?

• For a long time the US with only 5 of worlds
  population consumed closed to 1/3 of the worlds
  resources, but

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Annual Consumption in China and the United States
in 2004, with Projections for China to 2031,
Compared to Current World Production
Commodity Unit China 2004 US 2004 World 2004 China 2031
Grain Kilograms 291 935 2021 1352
Meat Kilograms 48 125 239 181
Oil Barrels 2 25 79 99
Coal Kgs of oil equivalent 613 1925 2519 2823
Steel Kilograms 198 353 968 511
Paper Kilograms 27 210 157 303
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What Explains this Constant Rise in Consumption?
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Conventional Economist

• People have an unlimited capacity to consume
  economy depends on it
• People rationally choose among alternative
  purchases within their income
• Increasing propensity to save with increase in
  income, but
• Increase in private consumption tracks increase
  in GDP

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Social Contingency Theories

• Veblens theory of Conspicuous Consumption
• People copy the consumption practices of
  wealthier members of society
• Hirchs theory of Positional Goods
• When goods become scarce they become more valued
  and desirable because they can be used to
  differentiate people
• Wachtels theory of loss of community
• People consume to compensate for lack of
  interaction and intimacy in modern society
• Shors theory of the work and spend cycle
• Industrialization hasnt delivered leisure to
  people because business compensates them with
  money rather than time, money is spent on
  consumption, the patterns of which become
  ingrained

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Other Contingencies

• Public goods are consumed on a different basis
  than private goods (shaped by culture ability to
  free ride)
• Culture norms, expectations, habits
• Technology and infrastructure much of our
  consumption is already predetermined (e.g.
  communications, transportation, water, etc.)

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What Explains this Constant Rise in Consumption?

• affluenza, n. a painful, contagious, socially
  transmitted condition of overload, debt, anxiety
  and waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of
  more. (de Graaf, 2002)
• affluenza, n. 1. The bloated, sluggish and
  unfulfilled feeling that results from efforts to
  keep up with the Joneses. 2. An epidemic of
  stress, overwork, waste and indebtedness caused
  by dogged pursuit of the American Dream. 3. An
  unsustainable addiction to economic growth. (PBS)
• affluenza, n. 2. a growing and unhealthy
  preoccupation with money and material things.
  This illness is constantly reinforcing itself at
  both the individual and the social levels,
  constraining us to derive our identities and
  sense of place in the world through our
  consumption activity. (Hamilton and Denniss)

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Needs, Opportunity-Ability Model of Consumer
Behavior
Technology Economy Demography Institutions Culture
Needs Relations,
development, comfort, pleasure, work, health,
privacy, money, status, safety, nature, control,
leisure-time, justice
Opportunity availability,
information, prices, shops
Ability Financial, time, spatial,
cognitive, physical
Behavioral Control
Motivation
Intention
Consumer Behavior
Consequences quality of life, environmental
quality
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Society Practices

• Social assessment (defining parameters of demand)
• Awareness raising education, ecological
  footprint, local environmental knowledge
• Social movements informal and formal
• Social capital and community building

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Society Practices social assessment

• Demographic
• Population size (temporary and permanent)
  characteristics (e.g. family size, income levels,
  socio-economic/cultural groups) settlement
  patterns.
• Housing
• Quality diversity and prices public and private
  ownership and tenancy homelessness and other
  problems
• Local services
• Transport network and mobility, education, health
  and care services police, fire, recreation.
• Social-cultural concerns
• Lifestyle choice quality of life gender
  family issues community cohesion conflict
• Personal consumption cars, appliances, food,
  clothing, energy and water, solid waste, etc.

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Society Sources

• City Planning Consultants 1998? Study on South
  East New Territories Development Review Strategy
  Final Report. Hong Kong HKSAR Planning
  Department. http//www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_
  e.htm
• Projection of population distribution (2002-2011)
  and Area of HK by district Planning Department -
  http//www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_e.htm--gt
  look for "Information Services", then "Planning
  Statistics"
• Land Usage in different parts of HK Town
  Planning Board - http//www.info.gov.hk/tpb/index_
  e.htm --gt go for "e-staturary plans"
• Demographic and social characteristics, economic
  characteristics, labor/employment, household
  characteristics, housing characteristics,
  GDP/GNP, etc, by district or the whole territory
  Census Statistics Department http//www.info.gov
  .hk/censtatd/eng/hkstat/fas/01c/01c_index.html
  Or, the Government's InvestHK website -
  http//www.investhk.gov.hk --gt look for "Key
  Statistics"
• Property types (residential, office, industrial,
  shop, large deals) and valuations at
  http//www.info.gov.hk/landreg/eindex.htm or
  Estate agents e.g. Centaline at
  http//www.centanet.com/
• Consumptionw3.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/resources_pu
  b/envir_info/envir_info.html http//www.emsd.gov.
  hk/emsd/e_download/pee/HKEEUD2008.pdf

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Society Practices behavior change

• Awareness building
• Social movements
• Community building

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Awareness Problems

• Personal and community impacts
• Responsibilities
• Means to change
• Participation

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An Awareness Problem Disconnection between
Consumption and Environmental Exploitation

• Failure of negative feedback to change habits in
  places of consumption because they are separated
  from places of production and its environmental
  impact
• Or even disconnect of people with local
  environment and impacts

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Society Practices Ecological Footprint Analysis

• Ecological footprint analysis is an accounting
  tool that enables us to estimate the resource
  consumption and waste assimilation requirements
  of a defined human population or economy in terms
  of a corresponding productive land area.

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The Ecological Footprint

• Standard for sustainability achieving the
  environmental efficiency that allows us to live
  within the earths carrying capacity

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Hong Kongs Ecological Footprint

• What is Hong Kongs per capita ecological
  footprint?
• How dependent is Hong Kong for its food, fuel,
  and material supplies? Or for its sewage impact?
• How does Hong Kongs per capita ecological
  footprint compare to world average and to the
  worlds per capita ecologically productive land
  and sea allowance?

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Hong Kongs Ecological Dependency
Appropriated Land/Sea Area Km2 Local Production Km2 China (Guangdong) Km2 Rest of World Km2 Total
Food 1040 26240 42070 69350
Forest -- -- 13900 13900
Fish and Seafood 14220 68080 125010 207310
Assimilation of CO2 90100 to 236250
Total Area Demands 15260 94320 275300 332150 to 478300
Nitrogen Discharges 51435 tonnes 37785 tonnes 53820 tonnes 143040 tonnes
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Hong Kongs Per Capita Footprint in Comparison
Country Per Capita Footprint Rank
Worlds per capita allowance 2.0-2.2 average
Worlds per capita share 2.85 overshoot
Hong Kong 7.14 13
China 1.8 79
United States 12.22 3
Singapore 12.35 2
Japan 5.94 21
Philippines 1.42 90
Taiwan 4.34 41
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http//www.myfootprint.org/en/visitor_information/
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Society Practices Social Movements

• Informal, grassroots
• Based on environmental pressures, education,
  value changes (livelihood and post-materialist
  movements lifestyle)
• Changes in behavior
• can lead to

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Livelihood and Post-Materialist Issues

• Livelihood issues are needs for basic
  requirements such as food, shelter, fuel and
  employment.
• Post-materialist issues are changes to lifestyle
  because of concern for biodiversity, natural
  beauty, impact of consumption on quality of life
  etc.

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Non-Governmental Organization and Political
Parties

• Formal organizations with committed and paid
  participants
• Local to global concerns and organization
• Different strategies and politics demonstrations
  to collaboration
• Impacts on government, business and public policy
  and behavior
• Environmental NGOs balanced by other NGOs and
  business associations

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Society Practices Community Building

• Combining strengths of local relations and sense
  of belonging with benefits of social freedoms,
  transparency, and tolerance.
• Community members work toward common goal, while
  taking care and respecting each other.
• Depends on and creates social capital (shared
  networks, values, trust)

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Social Capital

• Relationships have value enhancing productivity
  and quality of life
• Some benefits go directly to individuals others
  are shared by society (externalities)
• Creates norms of trust and reciprocity that
  reduce cheating and other forms of opportunism
• Bonding SC creates exclusive binds exclusive
  groups into strong identities (e.g. ethnic
  groups, families).
• Bridging SC creates inclusive ties bringing
  people from different backgrounds together (e.g.
  professions, politics).

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Benefits of Social Capital

1. social capital allows people to resolve
   collective problems more easilyovercome
   collective action problems, free-rider problems,
   tragedy of commons, prisoners dilemma, etc.
2. social capital greases the wheels that allow
   communities to advance smoothlytrust and
   confidence enable more efficient exchange.
3. social capital widens our awareness of the many
   ways our fates are interlinked and help to foster
   good behaviour.
4. social capital is a conduit for information and
   contacts
5. social capital as connectiveness is
   psychologically and physiologically good for us.

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Sustainable Communities

• Local Agenda 21 thousands of villages, towns,
  cities and regions implementing sustainability
  programs
• Activities include recycling programs,
  buildings, energy, habitat restoration, product
  design, water quality, etc.
• Indicators for feedback on progress
• Global community needed

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Society Practices means of change

• Social movements informal, formal
• Community initiatives
• Expert contribution and mediation
• Government policy
• Market incentives

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Sustainable Development as Integration
Science Technology
Environment
Environment
Society
Politics
Economy
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Technology complex, pervasive systems with great
social inertia
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Technology

• Components product parts and subsystems,
  products, physical and social infrastructures
• Prevailing principles linear industrial system,
  functional performance, cost efficiency, waste
• Challenges of susdev principles product
  stewardship, shared information and
  responsibility, value exchange
• Practices Life-cycle analysis, design for
  environment, distributed infrastructures

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Government seeks to pave way for introduction of
electric cars

• Feb 26, 2009
• The government will promote the use of electric
  cars in Hong Kong by testing the vehicles in the
  city, while the financial secretary will head a
  body to overcome hurdles to their early
  introduction here.

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Industrial Ecology Systems Hierarchy of the
Automobile
Social infrastructure
Cultural norms, political and economic policies
and regulations
Landuse
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The Linear Industrial System
Energy material input
Waste pollution output
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Industrial Ecology integration of product,
material, energy flow to eliminate waste
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Product, Material, Energy Flow in an Industry
Value
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The Service Economy

• Meaning sell services rather than products.
  Value is created by offering customers a
  consistent flow of satisfaction rather than an
  accumulation of goods.
• Manufacturing companies capture benefits of
  increased resource productivity and closed-loop
  activities.
• Service companies compound downstream savings and
  avoid stocking and labor costs.

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An Example of Servicizing
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Technology Practices Assessment

• Life-cycle analysis
• Focus on a product
• Trace the product through each stage of its
  lifecycle
• Determine the different processes at each stage
• Measure the inputs and outputs of materials and
  energy at each stage
• Impact assessment

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Technology Practices Assessment

• Life-cycle analysis
• Focus on a product
• Trace the product through each stage of its
  lifecycle
• Determine the different processes at each stage
• Measure the inputs and outputs of materials and
  energy at each stage
• Impact assessment

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Model for Lifecycle inputs into Any Industry
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Life Cycle of Paper With four levels of analysis
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LCA Flowchart Computer
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LCA analysis of a stage
Energy Water
Product Coproduct A Coproduct C
Raw materials Intermediate materials
Stage processes
Waterborne wastes
Airborne wastes
Solid wastes
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Technology Practices Design for Environment

• Practices the range of ways that energy and
  material reduction, recycling and safe disposal
  can be designed into the product
• Whole system designoptimizing the performance of
  all the parts working together.
• Product design teams

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Examples of DfE Practices

• Reduce device power consumption (for consumer
  use) energy star appliances efficient lighting
• Design for material recovery Color coding of
  disposable camera plastic parts printed codes on
  computer parts
• Design for component recovery photocopy toner
  and printer cartridges have been made to be
  remanufacturable with equal performance of new
  cartridges
• Design for disassembly electronic devices and
  automobiles are being designed so that they can
  be easily taken apart in disassembly plants and
  the parts recycled
• Design for waste minimization soaps, detergents
  etc. have been concentrated boxes and other
  large packaging have been eliminated
• Design for waste recovery flyash from coal
  burning is turned into wallboard building
  materials are made to be reusable or recyclable
• Design reusable containers reusing steel and
  plastic drums and pallets folding shipping
  crates
• Avoid undesirable substances elimination of CFCs
  from refrigerators and air conditioning
  elimination of phosphates from soaps and
  detergents and elimination of VOCs from some
  paints, glues and building materials

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How are these products designed wholistically?
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Prius Integration

• Life-cycle design focus on consumption stage
  upstream and downstream advances
• Physical infrastructure dependent on existing
  roads and supply potential change in supply
• Social infrastructure driven by regulatory
  change and particularities capitalize on
  cultural shift
• Value image, expanded sales, patents

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The Erotic Gherkin Integration

• Life-cycle design focus on consumption stage
  upstream and downstream unknown
• Physical infrastructure access to transit
  bicycle and changing rooms
• Social infrastructure sightlines exception to
  preservation zoning bevel shape accommodates
  footprint
• Value low return on energy image productivity
  price

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Distributed infrastructures because of
environmental impacts of centralized
infrastructures

• pollution and energy loss involved with the
  transportation of fuels, materials, solid waste,
  and sewage
• the landscape and habitat damage resulting from
  more roads, pipelines, power lines, canals,
  ports, bridges etc.
• the materials, energy, and pollution costs of
  building infrastructure
• the energy and pollution costs resulting from
  demolition,remediation, and disposal.

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Alternative (Distributed) Infrastructures

• Energy biomass, solar, wind, fuel cells, gas
  turbines, tidal, geothermal, waste generated gas
  storage devices (e.g. flywheels, water,
  hydrogen), waste heat and cool air
• Water and sewage wetland, biological sewage and
  brown water treatment, water recycling
• Telecommunications wireless communications
  (mobiles, wi-fi)
• Solid waste collecting facilities, recycling
  facilities, waste exchanges
• Transportation mixed land use, walking, cycling,
  public transport
• Regulatory reform, cooperation, institution
  building

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The Social Construction of Overshoot

• The IPAT Equation
• IMPACT POPULATION x AFFLUENCE x TECHNOLOGY

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IPAT and Growth
1995 Level of Technology Impact
Population Affluence Technology CO2
emissions 6 billion x .1 cars x 5.4 tons
CO2 Per year
person x car per year 3 billion tons CO2
per year
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IPAT and Growth
2050 Constant (1995 level) Technology Impact
Population Affluence
Technology CO2 emissions 11 billion x .4
cars x 5.4 tons CO2 Per year
person x car per
year 24 billion tons CO2 per year 2050
Factor 2 Technology Substitution Impact
Population Affluence Technology CO2
emissions 11 billion x .4 cars x 2.7
tons CO2 Per year
person x car per year 12 billion
tons CO2 per year
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IPAT and Growth
2050 Factor 4 Technology Substitution Impact
Population Affluence
Technology CO2 emissions 11 billion x .4
cars x 1.35 tons CO2 Per year
person x car per
year 5.94 billion tons CO2 per year 2050
Factor 10 Technology Substitution Impact
Population Affluence Technology CO2
emissions 11 billion x .4 cars x .54
tons CO2 Per year
person x car per year 2.4 billion
tons CO2 per year
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Sustainable Development as Integration
Science Technology
Environment
Environment
Society
Politics
Economy
114
Economy

• Components businesses, government, NGOs,
  voluntarism
• Prevailing principles market economics
  (capitalism neoclassical economics), aggregate
  economic welfare (pareto optimality), discount
  rate, common access resources, externalities,
  failure to value environment anti-environment
  subsidies
• Challenges of susdev principles internalization
  of externalities closure of open access
  resources proper valuation of environment
• Practices new valuation methods, market-based
  policy guidelines, green accounting methods,
  environmental management

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Environmental Market Failures

• Failure to place a value on the environment not
  priced use values option values existence
  values bequest values
• Lack of information
• Externalities
• Common Access Resources
• Discounting the future
• Allowance of subsidies and monopolies

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Externalities

• An unintended cost or benefit of production or
  consumption that is not reflected in the price of
  the related transactions. Externalities are
  often borne by people who are not parties to the
  transactions that create them.

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Social and Private Costs of Exchange
Deadweight loss
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Discounting the Future with Net Present Value
(NPV)
NPV x/(1.10)nyrs X your present money
value .10 the discount rate nyrs the power of
how many years down the future you are looking
at NPV of 100 dollars in five years with a
discount rate of 10 is 100/(1.10)5 or 62.09
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Economic Practices Conventional Assessment

• Direct Economic
• GNP and tax income growth land values local and
  non-local employment characteristics of
  employment labour supply and training wage
  levels
• Indirect/wider economic expenditure
• Employees retail expenditure suppliers to main
  development labour market pressures wider
  multiplier effects

121
Economic Practices alternative assessment

• New national accounts green GNP, index of
  sustainable economic welfare, net national
  product
• Organizational total cost accounting

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Policy Influences from Ecological Economics

• Strict demands for environmental protection
  reflected in
• Environmental impact assessment
• Natural preservation areas (parks, reserves)
• Absolute limitations on chemicals

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Policy Guidelines from Ecological Economics

• 1. Daly Rule
• 2. Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW)
• 3. Ecological tariffs on free trade
• 4. Community based sustainability through
  self-sufficiency and diversification

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Policy Guidelines from Ecological Economics

• 1. Daly Rule "Never reduce the stock of natural
  capital below a level that generates a sustained
  yield unless good substitutes are available for
  the services generated."

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Economic Tools Example of assessment including
environmental and social factors
Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
(ISEW) total output unpaid work -
environmental destruction and degradation -
environmental improvement measures -
depreciation of human-made capital /- welfare
distribution effect
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Genuine Progress Indicatorhttp//www.rprogress.or
g/newprograms/sustIndi/gpi/index.shtml

1. Crime Family Breakdown
2. Household Volunteer Work
3. Income Distribution
4. Resource Depletion
5. Pollution
6. Long-Term Environmental Damage
7. Changes in Leisure Time
8. Defensive Expenditures?
9. Lifespan of Consumer Durables Public
   Infrastructure
10. Dependence on Foreign Assets

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Genuine Progress Indicator vs Gross Domestic
Product in the US
Per Capita Income US
128
New Economics Foundations Measure of Domestic
Progress http//www.neweconomics.org/gen/z_sys_pub
licationdetail.aspx?pid176
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Gross Domestic Product vs Measure of Domestic
Progress UK
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How would HK do on the GPI or MDP?
133
Conceptual Model of Social Development Indicators
2000
Traditions
History
Contemporary Socio-Political Forces
Contemporary Economic Forces
Self Actualization
Love and Affection Needs
Safety and Security Needs
Physiological Needs
Environmental Pressures and Constraints
Values
Norms
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Hong Kong Social Development Indicators
2000Subindices
135
Hong Kong Social Development Indicators
2000Vulnerable Population
136
Hong Kong Social Development Indicators 20005
year Breakdown
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Economic Practices Better Valuation of
Non-market Valued Assets
1. Financial Costs 2. Averting Behavior 3. Travel
Cost Method 4. Hedonic Pricing 5. Contingent
Evaluation
For Better Cost-Benefit Analysis, regulations,
fines
138

• Financial Costs Some actions of firms will lead
  to costs that are measurable by conventional
  means. These include the impacts on peoples'
  health which result in the need to compensate for
  medical costs, loss of working time, and other
  compensation the impacts on resources such as
  water, timber or agriculture leading to loss of
  resource, degradation of the resource and costs
  to restore them to a useful state or to
  compensate for the loss.
• Averting Behavior People will pay to reduce the
  impact of pollution on their lives, such as
  installing double-glazing on windows to reduce
  noise, use water filters, or move away from
  pollution. These costs can be measured.
• Travel Cost Method People will travel to gain
  access to an amenity not present in or destroyed
  in their area. The cost of this travel is
  translated as the cost of the environmental
  impact that eliminated the amenity in the
  peoples' own environment. The loss of Hong
  Kong's coral reefs can be evaluated in terms of
  how far Hong Kong people are willing to go to
  snorkel and scuba dive on similar reefs.
• Hedonic Pricing The valuation of equivalent
  objects or amenities in different areas is
  compared to determine the lower value incurred by
  the environmental impact on one of the pair. A
  house that has had its property value degraded by
  the elimination of a close-by park can have its
  market price compared to a similar house that is
  close to a park.
• Contingent Evaluation People are asked how
  either their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for an
  amenity or their willingness to accept payment
  (WTA) for losing the amenity. People could be
  asked for example how much they would pay to have
  a park built in their neighborhood, or
  conversely, they could be asked how much they
  would accept as compensation for losing their
  park to development. Contingent valuation is
  open to a great deal of subjective
  decision-making on the part of those being asked.

139
Economic Practices Market-based policy
guidelines (as opposed to CAC)
1. Cost effectiveness example, emission trading
credits 2. Substitution and technological
advance example, green taxes 3. Other market
based schemes deposit refund schemes,
environmental bonds, transferable quotas,
transfer of development rights.
140

• Cost effectiveness is achieving the greatest
  overall environmental improvement for the least
  overall cost. This approach usually entails
  giving companies that can reduce environmental
  impacts cheaply more incentive to do so. For
  example in a town with two polluting companies,
  if the government's objective is to reduce sulfur
  pollution by 20 tons, it will cost less overall
  if a company that can reduce its pollution with
  the least cost undertake reduction. Thus if it
  costs a refinery 1 dollar to save one ton of
  sulfur emitted to the air while it would cost a
  coal burning electricity producer 5 dollars. The
  area would reduce its emissions and save money if
  the refinery undertook most of the reductions.
  Often the government or another institution must
  create the conditions necessary for firms to
  achieve these changes by imposing costs on all
  firms for environmentally damaging behavior and
  by allowing them to trade the benefits.
• Substitution and technological advance The
  market has proven itself to an extremely
  effective promoter of new technologies by
  encouraging people and companies to cut costs and
  develop products to meet unmet needs. The
  promise of the market is to use the same forces
  to encourage technologies that will reduce
  consumption of resources (thereby reducing
  costs), provide alternative and cleaner use of
  resources, or substitute the use of resources
  entirely. Again, often the government or another
  institution must create the incentives necessary
  for firms to seek out these changes by imposing
  costs on all firms for environmentally damaging
  behavior. The key however, is that it remains up
  to the discretion of any one firm how they are
  going to achieve the improvement.

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Economic Practices environmental management

• Sustainable Strategies pollution prevention,
  product stewardship, clean technologies,
  sustainability visions
• Environmental Organization and Management Systems
  (ISO14000) policy, organizational integration,
  programs and continuous improvement
• Marketing advertising, market analysis,
  substantiation, pricing
• Accounting cost identification, cost allocation,
  expanded time horizon
• Purchasing supplier criteria, product criteria
• Design for Environment lifecycle analysis,
  practices, metrics, analysis

142
Sustainable Development as Integration
Science Technology
Environment
Environment
Society
Politics
Economy
143
Politics

• Components International, national, regional
  local levels (executive, legislative, judicial,
  administrative functions) Constituents Interest
  Groups
• Prevailing principles democracy, paternalism,
  authoritarianism, property rights, redistribution
  (socialism), etc.
• Challenges to susdev principles jurisdictional
  limitations to authority, interdepartmental
  integration, capacity building, participation,
  conflicts of interest, property rights regime
• Practices environmental policies, plans and
  strategies, coordinating councils/authorities,
  participation systems, indicators

144
Property Rights Regimes

• Private property
• Limited private property
• Public domain
• Common pool resources
• Open access resources

145
Forms of Governance

• Representation or lack thereof (various levels of
  democracy paternalism plutocracy etc.)
• Planning participation or lack thereof
• Policies and practices

146
Policy and Practices two basic types

• Binding or legal governance
• Guidance

147
Policies and Practices

• Moral persuasion (guidelines, principles,
  purchasing, publicity)
• Command and Control (emission standards, bans,
  BAT best available technology, EIAs)
• Market mechanisms
• Monetary(taxes and fees subsidies licenses
  deposits quotas emissions trading removal of
  subsidies, monopolies and other distortions).
• Information (Emissions release inventory, product
  labeling, materials imprinting)
• Extended Product Responsibility (product
  stewardship voluntary/subsidized recycling and
  compulsory EPR laws)
• Government investment (prevention, regeneration,
  information dissemination, research, education)
• Public-private agreements are designed to bring
  together stakeholders from different areas of
  societybusiness, government, environmental
  groups, local communityto design a collective
  plan to deal with environmental problems.

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Moral persuasion

• Governments, NGOs and industry associations
• Convince industry and consumers of moral and
  social duty
• Guidelines and principles
• Product
• Publicity good and bad

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Command and Control (CC)

• Bans on chemicals or materials (e.g. lead,
  asbestos)
• Emission standards (e.g. limitations on sulfur
  from petrol)
• Specifying equipment to cleanup pollution (e.g.
  waste water treatment) often requiring best
  available technology (BAT)
• Environmental impact assessments (EIAs)

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Market Mechanisms and Monetary Incentives

• Taxes are imposed for greater amounts of
  emissions, waste or resource use.
• Subsidies are paid out to encourage the use of
  new technologies or undertake training for new
  practices.
• Licenses to pollute or extract a resource are
  only sold only to a limited number of people thus
  encouraging substitution.
• Deposits are required before an action is taken
  to make sure the remediation of impact can be
  paid for and to encourage recycling (e.g. bonds
  for land development or deposits on bottles
  etc.).
• Quotas are sold to give a limited number of
  people the right to extract a resource and to
  trade the right, thus creating the private
  property conditions for maintaining the yield of
  the resource.
• Emission trading rights or credits can be gained
  by firms under a regime set up by the government
  that limits the overall amount of emissions and
  the amount each firm is allowed to emit.
• Deregulation of monopolistic or other controlled
  industries to encourage more competition and
  substitution.

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Information

• Product labelling requirements force companies in
  industries from chemicals to electronics to food
  to disclose the information such as types of
  materials, source of raw materials, toxicity, and
  other environmental characteristics.
• Emissions release information is required by some
  governments in order to force companies to tell
  the public what dangerous chemicals they use and
  produce or what other environment or health
  threats they may pose.
• Materials imprinting is used to permanently
  indicate on a plastic, metal or other material
  what is in order to aid recycling.

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Extended Product Responsibility
Requiring a company to deal with its product or
packaging at the end of its product life.

• Forces companies to reuse, recycle, or dispose of
  their products and/or packaging or pay someone
  else to do it
• Gives companies the incentive to design for
  reduction of product materials,packaging, and
  toxins, and to otherwise make reusing, recycling,
  and disposal easier and cheaper.
• Producer (brand owner, importer or manufacturer)
  has primary responsibility because of greater
  influence on design.
• In practice, responsibility shared by
  stakeholders in product cycle consumers,
  government, waste sorters, and recyclers.

153
Government Investment

• Investment in environmental facilities may result
  in companies being expected to pay for the use of
  the facility. For example sewage treatment
  plants, landfills, incinerators, pollution
  monitors and so on are investments in prevention
  that (under the polluter pays principle)
  businesses will be expected to pay for and use.
• Regeneration of damaged areas, may be undertaken
  by government and responsible parties indirectly
  or directly charged for it.
• Research and information dissemination builds up
  government and the publics capacity to
  understand environmental impacts.
• Investments in environmental education are likely
  to have the widest and greatest impact on
  changing market business and consumer
  expectations environmental performance.

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Public-Private Agreements

• Public-private agreements are designed to bring
  together stakeholders from different areas of
  societybusiness, government, environmental
  groups, local communityto design a collective
  plan to deal with environmental problems industry
  sectors and conservation land issues. In HK
• Rechargable battery recycling program (EPD, NGOs,
  companies)
• Construction Industry waste reduction task force
  (Govt, Academics, Industry associations)
• Mai Po Wetlands (WWF, AFCD, Companies)

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Hong Kongs Environmental Policy Process
156
Sustainable Development Policy Making in Hong Kong
Chief Executive
SusDev Unit
Public Officials
Exco
Council on SusDev
Central Policy Unit
Policy Committee (Chief Secretary)
Forums
Commission on Strategic Devt
Policy
Advisory Council on Env.
Bureaus
AFCD (consultation)
Planning Dept. (consultation)
EPD (consultation)
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Chinas SusDev Structure
State Council
Policy and Law
Supreme Court
Other Ministries
SPC and SSTC
SEPA
Lower Courts
Provinces Counties Cities Towns
Local EPBs
Center for Agenda 21
Domestic NGOs and International NGOs and UN etc
Organizations
Financial control
Political control
Social/political influence
158
International Policy Regulation

• Identification and definition of global or
  trans-boundary problems
• Politicization and agenda setting by national and
  international advocacy groups
• Policy formation through negotiations
• Establishment of binding agreements, conventions
  and protocols, action plans
• Implementation by national governments

159
International Environmental Policy-making Process
160
Green Plans/Strategies
161
Sustainable Development as Integration
Science Technology
Environment
Environment
Society/Nation Integrating plan/strategy
Politics
Economy
162
An International Framework

• Creating conventions and protocols to govern the
  international commons
• Establishing principles and practices of
  sustainable development for implementation at
  national and local levels

163
The International Framework Agenda 21

• Preamble
• Agenda 21 addresses the pressing problems of
  today and also aims at preparing the world for
  the challenges of the next century. It reflects a
  global consensus and political commitment at the
  highest level on development and environment
  cooperation. Its successful implementation is
  first and foremost the responsibility of
  Governments. National strategies, plans, policies
  and processes are crucial in achieving this.
  International cooperation should support and
  supplement such national efforts. In this
  context, the United Nations system has a key role
  to play. Other international, regional and
  subregional organizations are also called upon to
  contribute to this effort. The broadest public
  participation and the active involvement of the
  non-governmental organizations and other groups
  should also be encouraged.

164
Other Important Agreements for the International
Framework for SusDev

• Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity
  1992
• Climate Change Convention on Climate Change
  1992 Kyoto Protocol 1997
• Desertification UN Convention to Combat
  Desertification in those Countries Experiencing
  Serious Drought and/or Desertification,
  Particularly Africa 1994
• Endangered Species Convention on International
  Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
  Fauna (CITES) 1973
• Hazardous Waste Basel Convention on the
  Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and
  their Disposal 1989
• Heritage Convention Concerning the Protection of
  the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1927
• Others Ozone (Montreal Protocol 1987) Oceans
  (Law of the Sea 1982) Wetlands (Ramsar 1973)
• International Development Goals (OECD 1997)
  Millenium Development Goals (UN 2000)

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• Agenda 21 - Table of Contents
• Preamble
• Section 1 Social and Economic Dimensions
• Section 2 Conservation and Management of
  Resources for Development
• Section 3 Strengthening the Role of Major
  Groups
• Section 4 Means of Implementation

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Agenda 21 - Table of Contents Chapter Paragraphs 1
. Preamble SECTION I. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
DIMENSIONS 2. International cooperation to
accelerate sustainable development in developing
countries and related domestic policies 3.
Combating poverty 4. Changing consumption
patterns 5. Demographic dynamics and
sustainability 6. Protecting and promoting human
health conditions 7. Promoting sustainable human
settlement development 8. Integrating environment
and development in decision-making
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SECTION II. CONSERVATION AND MGT OF RESOURCES FOR
DEVELOPMENT 9. Protection of the atmosphere 10.
Integrated approach to the planning and
management of land resources11. Combating
deforestation 12. Managing fragile ecosystems
combating desertification and drought 13.
Managing fragile ecosystems sustainable mountain
development 14. Promoting sustainable agriculture
and rural development 15. Conservation of
biological diversity 16. Environmentally sound
management of biotechnology 17. Protection of the
oceans, all kinds of seas, including enclosed and
semi-enclosed seas, and coastal areas and the
protection, rational use and development of their
living resources 18. Protection of the quality
and supply of freshwater resources application
of integrated approaches to the development,
management and use of water resources 19.
Environmentally sound management of toxic
chemicals, including prevention of illegal
international traffic in toxic and dangerous
products 20. Environmentally sound management of
hazardous wastes, in hazardous wastes 21.
Environmentally sound management of solid wastes
and sewage-related issues 22. Safe and
environmentally sound management of radioactive
wastes
168
SECTION III. STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF MAJOR
GROUPS 23. Preamble 24. Global action for women
towards sustainable and equitable development 25.
Children and youth in sustainable development 26.
Recognizing and strengthening the role of
indigenous people and their communities 27.
Strengthening the role of non-governmental
organizations partners for sustainable
development 28. Local authorities' initiatives in
support of Agenda 21 29. Strengthening the role
of workers and their trade unions 30.
Strengthening the role of business and
industry 31. Scientific and technological
community 32. Strengthening the role of farmers
169
SECTION IV. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 33.
Financial resources and mechanisms 34. Transfer
of environmentally sound technology, cooperation
and capacity-building 35. Science for sustainable
development 36. Promoting education, public
awareness and training 37. National mechanisms
and international cooperation for
capacity-building in developing countries 38.
International institutional arrangements 39.
International legal instruments and
mechanisms 40. Information for decision-making
170
Agenda 21 National Plans

• 8.7. Governments, in cooperation, where
  appropriate, with international organizations,
  should adopt a national strategy for sustainable
  development based on, inter alia, the
  implementation of decisions taken at the
  Conference, particularly in respect of Agenda 21.
  This strategy should build upon and harmonize the
  various sectoral economic, social and
  environmental policies and plans that are
  operating in the country. The experience gained
  through existing planning exercises such as
  national reports for the Conference, national
  conservation strategies and environment action
  plans should be fully used and incorporated into
  a country-driven sustainable development
  strategy. Its goals should be to ensure socially
  responsible economic development while protecting
  the resource base and the environment for the
  benefit of future generations. It should be
  developed through the widest possible
  participation. It should be based on a thorough
  assessment of the current situation and
  initiatives.

171
Local Strategies (Local Agenda 21) Agenda 21
 Chapter 28 LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN
SUPPORT OF AGENDA 21 PROGRAMME AREA Basis for
action 28.1. Because so many of the problems and
solutions being addressed by Agenda 21 have their
roots in local activities, the participation and
cooperation of local authorities will be a
determining factor in fulfilling its objectives.
Local authorities construct, operate and maintain
economic, social and environmental
infrastructure, oversee planning processes,
establish local environmental policies and
regulations, and assist in implementing national
and subnational environmental policies. As the
level of governance closest to the people, they
play a vital role in educating, mobilizing and
responding to the public to promote sustainable
development.
172
28.3. Each local authority should enter into a
dialogue with its citizens, local organizations
and private enterprises and adopt "a local Agenda
21". Through consultation and consensus-building,
local authorities would learn from citizens and
from local, civic, community, business and
industrial organizations and acquire the
information needed for formulating the best
strategies. T