Delaying Osteoporosis

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Delaying Osteoporosis

• Elena De Quesada

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Overview

• Bone Mineral Density
• What is Osteoporosis
• Risks that may make Osteoporosis develop
• Preventing Osteoporosis
• Other factors that effect Osteoporosis
• Conclusions

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Bones Mineral Density

• Bones play a vital role in the body
• Bones provide structure, protect organs, anchor
  muscles and store calcium

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Bone Mineral Density

• Bones Develop in Stages
• Birth through Adolescence
• Adolescence
• Age 20 30
• Menopause

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Osteoporosis

• Osteoporosis is a bone disease
• The rate of bone loss is greater than bone
  remodeling

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Effects of Osteoporosis

• Osteoporosis causes
• Pain
• Disability
• Loss of Independence

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Risks for Osteoporosis

• Osteoporosis is increased if
• Too little bone is formed when younger
• Too much bone is lost later in life
• A family history of Osteoporosis
• Life-long low calcium diet
• Lack of exercise
• Smoking and drinking in excess
• Taking certain medications

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Preventing Osteoporosis by Life-style Changes

• Eating a balanced diet rich in Calcium
• Regular weight-bearing activity
• Avoiding excessive alcohol
• Not smoking
• Weight-bearing activity

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Exercise in Young Women and Change

• Maximizing bone growth in adolescents may be
  optimal
• How early should we start resistance training
  exercises to maximize peak bone mass?

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Resistance training and bone mineral density in
adolescent femalesNichols, David L., Sanborn,
Charlotte F., Love, Anna M.

• Age14-17
• Training group46 Control group21
• 15 months of resistance training
• Result Femoral neck BMD increased in the
  training group, but not in the control group
• No significant changes seen in lumbar spine BMD

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Lifestyle factors and the development of bone
mass and bone strength in young womenLloyd, Tom,
Petit, Moira A., Lin, Hung-Mo, Beck, Thomas J.

• Longitudinal Study done over 10 years
• Starting Age 12
• Exercise assessed with a questionnaire
• Found that those who exercised had an increase of
  16-22 of BMD in the hip compared to those that
  were sedentary

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Summarize

• The results of these studies show that resistance
  training should be started at as early an age as
  14.
• The increase in BMD is something that everyone
  should note

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Exercise in Postmenopausal Women

• Peak bone mass is generally reached during the
  3rd decade
• Found that bone fractures rapidly increase after
  menopause

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The Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention
Study A controlled exercise trial in early
postmenopausal women with low bone
densityKemmler, Wolfgang, Engelke, Klaus,
Weineck, Jurgen, Hensen, Johannes

• Exercise group59 Control group41
• Investigated the effect of a 2-year vigorous
  training program on BMD
• Results
• BMD at femoral neck not significant
• BMD at lumbar spine
• Increased by 1.3 in exercise group
• Decreased by 1.2 in sedentary group

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A Weight-Bearing, Water-Based Exercise Program
for Osteopenic Women Its Impact on Bone,
Functional Fitness, and Well-BeingBravo, Gina,
Gauthier, Pierr roy, Pierr-Michel, Payette,
Helene, Gaulin, Philippe

• N77 women with spinal or femoral bone density
  below the fracture threshold
• Subjects exercised in a pool 3x/week for 12
  months
• Although functional fitness and psychological
  well-being was increased, there was not a
  positive effect on the skeletal system.

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Summarize

• Postmenopausal women have a better chance of
  increasing their BMD, if they continue to do
  heavy resistance training
• Only 1-3 hours per week of resistance training
  needs to be done to keep BMD at its current level

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Other factors that may decrease Osteoporosis

• Hormone Replacement Therapy
• Medication

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A Review- Treatment of postmenopausal
osteoporosisDelmas, Pierre D.

• Treatment to reduce the frequency of vertebral
  and non-vertebral fractures
• Calcium and Vitamin D
• HRT
• Medications
• Alendronate
• Etidronate

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Conclusions

• The effects exercise has on adolescence is very
  optimal in decreasing the effects of osteoporosis
  at a later age
• Exercise intensity is very important
• exercise effects are predominantly site specific
• Exercise should continue into postmenopause
• HRT may be benificial, after weighing all the
  risks

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References

• Lloyd, Tom, Petit, Moira A., Lin, Hung-Mo,
  Beck, Thomas J. (2004). Lifestyle factors and
  the development of bone mass and bone strength in
  young women. Department of Health Evaluation
  Sciences, Penn State University.
• Nichols, David L., Sanborn, Charlotte F., Love,
  Anna M. (2001) Resistance training and bone
  mineral density in adolescent females. Institute
  for Womens Health, Texas Womans University.
• Kemmler, Wolfgang, Engelke, Klaus, Weineck,
  Jurgen, Hensen, Johannes. (2003). The Erlangen
  Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study A
  controlled exercise trial in early postmenopausal
  women with low bone density. Academy of Physical
  Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol 84, May.
• Bravo, Gina, Gauthier, Pierr roy, Pierr-Michel,
  Payette, Helene, Gaulin, Philippe. (1997). A
  Weight-Bearing, Water-Based Exercise Program for
  Osteopenic Women Its Impact on Bone, Functional
  Fitness, and Well-Being. Academy of Physical
  Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol 78, December.
• Delmas, Pierre D. (2002) A Review- Treatment of
  postmenopausal osteoporosis. Department of
  Health Sciences, University of jyvaskyla, Finland.