THE WEAKFAILED STATES NEW DYNAMICS OF SECURITY The case of Albania

1
THE WEAK/FAILED STATES- NEW DYNAMICS OF
SECURITYThe case of Albania

• ALBERT RAKIPI
• ALBANIAN INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
  (AIIS)

2
THE ARGUMENT

• Weak/failed/states constitute a threat to
  national regional stability
• Defining a weak/failed state
• How a weak/failed states can affect national
  regional security
• The case of Albania

3
Concepts definitions

• From the domestic perspective Weak/ strong
  state the second image
• From the international perspective Weak/ strong
  power the third image
• The new concept of Security
• The domestic centrality of International security
  dilemma
• .

4
THE STATE THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE

• THREE COMPONENTS
• The idea of the State
• The physical base of the State
• The institutional expression of the state
• One more component
• The Society
• State society relationship

5
THE IDEA OF THE STATE

• The Nation
• Nation State
• The organizing Ideology
• -Nationalism, Liberalism, Communism Religion, etc
  .
• -Why Liberal democracy?

6
THE INSTITUTIONAL EXPRESSION OF THE STATE

• The elite
• - Divided, corrupted, without vision,
  capabilities, it define itself not in terms of
  law documents, codes
• The bureaucracy
• -represent one part of the society, not
  professional, not independent, politically
  corrupted
• The Society
• -Ethnically/ politically divided, no social
  cohesion.

7
Strong Weak State

• A strong state- a functional or capable state to
  provide political gods
• - Security
• - Order
• - Basic Infrastructure
• - Services

8
THE ORDER WITHIN THE STATE

• A strong State-
• -The Rule of Law
• A weak state-
• -Few political goods - rule of corruption
• A failed State -
• -The state as a threat, rule of political/
  ethnic/ religion groups two or more governments.
• A collapsed state no government in place
• - The rule of guns

9
The Concept of State capacity

• Two dimension of State capacity
• A) Decision making
• Central vs. Local government
• Parallel institutions
• Privatization of decision making instruments (
  state capture)
• B) Implementation Bureaucracy

10
The weak States as threat to regional/internatio
nal security

• Three factors
• The changes in the International system
• -the end of the Cold War The insecurity dilemma
• The nature of todays conflict/war
• -The third kind of War intrastate war, fought
  over statehood, non state actors
• The emergence of international terrorism
• Traditional Terrorism- Todays using territory,
  borders, rising founds etc

11
REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

• The spillover of the conflict from intrastate
  to interstate conflict
• The spillover of other instabilities
  Organized crime,( spreading of weapons,
  Human/drug trafficking) Forced migration
• Weak/Failed states terrorism using territory
  borders, a frustrated society etc
• a destroyed social fabric looking for enemy

12
The Balkans - Home of Weak States The Sources of
Weakness

• The current stage of state building process
• the lack of state tradition
• the peace settlement state boundaries,
• The processes of liberal economic development
• The strong presence of agrarian economies and
  primitive local industries
• The Communist Legacy
• Conflicts /wars of the last decade

13
ALBANIA- A NATIONAL WEAK STATE

• The arrival of a modern state
• -Albania under the king Zog a central
  government, control of territory, borders,
  establishing law and order Roads and
  communications
• The communist legacy
• Political legitimacy
• The economy ground zero
• The state and the regime
• The society politically divided

14
The Communist Legacy

• The states machinery- two structures
• a) the partys bureaucracy
• b) the states bureaucracy
• The hierarchy of power
• A clientelistic structures vs. institutions,
  laws, codes, procedures
• The order Rule of Telephone

15
Weak Democracy a weak state

• A contested democracy
• -Free and Fair elections still a test
• Albanian democracy a zero sum game
• -Self and/other rather than both/and
• The State and society
• -The state represents part of society
• The state and political parties
• -New party in power new bureaucracy

16
INSIDE THE BOX-What is the order?

• Free of law against rule of law
• Free of law a privilege of ruling oligarchy
• Rule of corruption
• Administrative corruption
• State capture
• Parallel Institutions
• Intrastate conflict

17
The crisis of 1997

• Political legitimacy
• The pyramid schemes
• The Hobbes natural state model
• No territorial conflict, neither north vs. south,
  nor civil or religion war.
• A multinational military force to establish
  order.

18
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

• Traditional Approach
• -The League of Nations. The Trusteeship Council
• -Interstate relations disputes
• The league of Nations in the Balkans
• -Agenda Borders and minority problems
• Todays Agenda
• -Creation of statehood, Institutional building,
  administration etc.

19
NATO EU

• A common future
• -A prospect of membership
• -PfP Membership
• Active role in state making process
• -Economic and technical assistance, development
  programs, monitoring elections, building
  infrastructure, institutions building, democratic
  control of armed forces, etc
• Stabilization Association Process

20
Overcoming state weakness

• Political Legitimacy free and fair elections
• Reproducing state weakness
• Organized Crime, Corruption, Informal Economy
  threats or symptoms ?
• International Community The culture of
  dependency
• The economics of state building