Unit 8-Exploration and Colonization

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Unit 8-Exploration and Colonization
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Chapter 16 Section 2 page 388-391

• 1. What motivates European exploration?
• 2. What improvements allow for European
  exploration?(3)
• 3. What key economic changes happen during this
  time period in Europe?(2)
• 4. Define Mercantilism.
• 5. How does the theory of Mercantilism impact
  Europeans views on trade and colonization
• 6. Colonies

Reasons colonists want them
Reasons governments want them
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Looking to the East

• Marco Polo showed Europeans the wealth of Asia
  (spices, gems, silk)
• Silk Road was dangerous, went through mountains
  and deserts, and people were taxed
• Ottoman Empire took Constantinople and cut off
  Silk Road to European traders

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European ExplorationCauses-God, Glory and Gold

1. Desire for new sources of wealth/Increase trade
2. Desire to spread Christianity
3. New technology (sails, compass, gunpowder, back
   rudder)
4. Europe was overcrowded/Nations competing for
   dominance
5. Renaissance increased desire to learn/knowledge
   of known world
6. Flee religious or political persecution

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Influences of Exploration

• Improved Technology
• New Maps-many parts still unknown, West to Asia
• Invention of the Compass and Astrolabe
• New Ships-back rudder, improves steering, new
  sails
• Two types of ships were developed
• 1.small ships for exploration caravels
• a shallow draft to chart unknown waters
• ability to sail to windward (lateen
  sails)
• small crew
• cargo space for voyages of up to a year
• 2. larger ships for war and commerce
  carracks
• high platforms at front and back from
  which to fire at opponents
• armed with cannons
• square sails for more sail area
• large payload

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Influences of Exploration

• Economic Changes
• 1400-1700 Commercial Revolution-
• begins modern banking and new business
  organization-Corporation(stock company)
• Coins with fixed price
• Private enterprise-Rise of Capitalism

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Influences of Exploration

• Mercantilism
• Economic theory centered on the idea of scarcity
• Fixed amount of wealth, countries need to take
  well from other country to gain power
• Two ways
• Mine Gold and Silver at home or in colonies
• Export more than you import- Favorable Balance of
  trade
• Raise Tariffs- importation taxes
• Promote manufacturing of goods
• Establish colonies for additional wealth

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Exploration Difficulties

1. Finding funding
2. Sailors dying of hunger, thirst, scurvy
3. Time at sea - mentally hard
4. Storms and unpredictable weather
5. Fighting native peoples

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Assignment

• Read Chapter 16 section 3 and 4
• Section 3- 1-3
• Section 4- 1-4

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A few notable explorers

• Prince Henry of Portugal 1419 establishes a
  navigation school, sails the west coast of Africa

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• 2. Bartolomeo Diaz (Portugal) 1488 - reaches tip
  of Africa, Indian Ocean
• 3. Vasco de Gama (Portugal) 1498 - reaches India
  by going around Africa

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• 4. Columbus 1492 (Spain) - believes he can reach
  the east by sailing west ends up in Caribbean
• 5. Magellan 1519 (Spain) - sails west around tip
  of South America and makes trip around world
  (dies in Philippines)

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Desire for Colonies and Wealth

• Colony- territory or people subject to a ruling
  state.
• Use your textbook pg. 404-405 and identity the
  areas of colonization by each of listed European
  countries

• European nations compete for new lands, wealth,
  bring glory to their country
• Establish colonies and empires around the world!

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Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

• Spain and Portugal divided world by establishing
  a line of demarcation
• - Lands west of line Spain
• - Lands east of line Portugal

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Exploring the Americas

• Various ancient civilizations lived in the area
• Mayans(what is left)
• Aztecs
• Incas
• Native American tribes in North America
• Explorers arrive and what do you think will
  happen?

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Christopher Columbus-Columbian Exchange

• Significant because his journey forever connects
  the old and new world, ushering in the beginning
  of our modern world
• Columbus arrival in the new world begins an
  exchange of non-native plants, animals and
  diseases(Columbian Exchange) like the world has
  never seen before or since!
• Impact dramatically benefits the Europeans in
  both the new and old world

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Columbian Exchange Reading

• In your reading groups, answer the questions to
  your part of the reading on a separate sheet.
• Write down the section heading and your responses
• After a few minutes you will rotate.
• Complete all questions.
• Intro reading-Why Should I Care? Summarize two
  reasons from the text.

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Columbian Exchange Summary- Essay assignment

• In a short essay, describe the impact of the
  Columbian Exchange on Europeans and Native
  Americans. (minimum 1 page,5 paragraphs)
• Intro-Hook, background info on C.E., thesis
• Body
• Impact of plants
• Impact of animals
• Impact of diseases
• Conclusion-Summarize what you told us

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Clash of Cultures- Guns, Germs and Steel

• The Europeans arrived and wanted the land and
  resources from the natives
• Natives fought back but lost
• Why?
• Disease-Smallpox is most deadly
• Technology- Guns, steel armor, Horses!
• Conquistadors- Conquerors
• 1521-Aztec fall to Cortes
• 1535-Inca fall to Pizarro
• Spanish conquistadors force many Natives into
  slavery- Encomienda system
• Bartolomé de las Casas-protector of Indians
  speaks out against and documents Spanish
  atrocities against Native Americans

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Atlantic Slave Trade

• Europeans used Native Americans to do their work
  until they were dying from disease - needed new
  labor force
• 9.5 million Africans sent to Americas (400,000 to
  North America)

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Triangular Trade

• 1. Europeans brought goods to Africa
• 2. Africans transported to New World (Middle
  Passage)
• 3. Wealth of colonies is brought to Europe

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Dutch, French and English

• Dutch- settle in Asia- East Indies, New York
  originally
• French-Settle in Canada, Great Lakes-Fur Trade,
  Good relations with Natives
• English- Settle in east coast of North America

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French Indian War(1754-1763)

• France vs England basically over land control in
  colonies
• Indians fight for both sides

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• France was exhausted - outnumbered and outgunned
• England won the war
• Treaty of Paris gave Britain control of most of
  North America

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Results of Exploration

1. Exchanged Food
2. Exchanged Diseases
3. Exchanged Animals
4. Exchanged Technology
5. Established powerful empires
6. Atlantic Slave Trade
7. Colonization of the World