Unit 1A: Founding the New Nation

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Unit 1AFounding the New Nation

• Chapters 1 through 5

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Migration to the Americas

• Native Americans
• Migrated across the Bering Strait to N. America
• 33,000 years ago

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Migration to the Americas
Beringia
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Review of Native Americans

• Nomads
• Settled from Alaska to tip of South America
• Adapted into 500 - 650 nations, according to the
  area settled
• Mayans and Aztecs in Central Mexico
• Incas in Peru
• Tanos in Caribbean Islands

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A theory based on anthropology and archeology has
been supported using modern technology.
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American Indians

• Adopted to unique environments in the
  Northwest, Southwest, Great Plains, Northeast,
  and Southeast
• Largest include Navajo, Cherokee, Sioux, and
  Delaware

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Age of Exploration
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Age of Exploration

• European nations interested in expanded trade
• Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, French
  explored both the Americas and Africa
• Empires built by conquering natives and taking
  natural resources and trade routes
• Constantly in competition with each other

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Famous Explorers

• Henry the Navigator
• Portuguese sailing school
• Explored African coast to India
• Claimed areas in Africa for Portugal

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Famous Explorers

• Amerigo Vespucci
• Italian mapmaker and explorer

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Famous Explorers

• Ferdinand Magellan
• Circumnavigated the world
• Started with 5 ships
• Crew died of disease, accidents and warfare
• Magellan was killed in the Philippines
• Only 17 men returned to Spain alive

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Famous Explorers

• Christopher Columbus myths
• Spanish explorer
• Only person to believe world wasnt flat
• Discovered the New World
• Landed in the USA
• Died a pauper after searching for the route to
  the East Indies

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Famous Explorers

• Christopher Columbus truths
• Landed in the Caribbean, probably 1st on the
  island of San Salvador in the Bahamas
• Columbus continued to explore the region in
  search of a route to the Pacific (4 voyages)
• Never landed on the continental USA
• Was granted vast lands and titles from the King
  Queen and died wealthy

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Spanish Conquistadors
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Conquistadors

• Conquered Aztecs and Incas
• Explored and colonized most of South and Central
  America, and the SW of North America
• Introduced Plains Indians to horses
• Many settled permanently and intermarried with
  local people and African slaves
• Creation of Hispanic

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The Columbian Exchange
Potatoes, corn, squash, cocoa, tomatoes syphillis
Europe
Wheat, rice, horses, small pox, chickens, measles
America
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Indians Revenge
Indians
Europe
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Treaty of Tordesillas

• Conflict between Spain and Portugal
• Resolved by the pope
• New World divided by the Line of Demarcation
• Portugal gains Africa and outcrop of South
  America
• Spain gains the remainder of North and South
  America

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Spanish
Portuguese
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Spanish Territories

• Southwest USA to tip of South America, except
  Brazil and some smaller colonies
• Encomienda system
• Enslavement of Indians on plantations
• Indians were supposed to be protected and
  converted to Christianity
• Bartolome de Las Casas
• Protested the encomienda system

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Africa

• Native Americans were dying rapidly from disease
• Settlers needed a new labor force
• Portuguese became slave traders
• Slaves brought their own culture to the New World

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Native American Populationin North America
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Black Slave Populationin North America
By 1800, slave population outnumbered N.A.
population
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Conclusions

• Europeans, Native Americans and African Americans
  would come together to form a new culture
• Europes discovery of the New World brought both
  sides opportunities for new goods and customs
• Europeans clearly dominated the other two groups,
  usually negatively

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Settlement of the 13 Colonies
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Why would colonists go to America?

• Push factors
• Primogeniture (eldest male inherits)
• Lack of land
• Rigid class structures
• No personal freedom (speech, religion) for lower
  classes

• Pull factors
• Mercantilism trade between colony motherland
• Gold
• Adventure
• Religious freedom or evangelism
• Land
• Political freedom

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The English Colonies

• 1st colony Roanoke
• Failed and colonists returned to England
• 2nd colony Roanoke
• Leader John White
• Failing within 1st year
• White returned to England to get help
• Spanish Armada

Colony was organized and funded by Sir Walter
Raleigh but he did not actually go to Roanoke.
He was later executed for treason by King James.
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Spanish Armada

• (1588) Spanish Armada attempted to conquer
  England but were defeated by the smaller English
  navy

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Roanoke

• (1590) White returned to Roanoke but the entire
  settlement had disappeared.
• Theories
• Spanish either kidnapped or killed them
• Native Americans either kidnapped or killed them
• They attempted to sail to the mainland and sunk

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Jamestown

• Our men were destroyed with cruel diseases as
  swelling, burning fevers, and by wars, and some
  departed suddenly, but for the most part they
  died of famine. There were never Englishmen left
  in a foreign country in such misery as we were in
  this new discovered Virginia.
• George Percy on his experience in Jamestown in
  1607.

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Jamestown

• Queen Elizabeth was succeeded by King James I
• Virginia Company of London formed and given a
  charter
• Original voyage carried gentlemen and merchants
  ill-equipped for labor
• Of 100 that arrived late summer 1607, only 38
  survived by Jan. 1608

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Jamestown

• John Smith arrived with 300 more settlers
• He who shall not work shall not eat.
• (1609) Returned to England after an injury

This image from the Library of Congress depicts
Pocahontas saving the life of Jamestown leader
Capt. John Smith. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
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Jamestown

• 800 more settlers arrived
• (1609-1610) The Starving Time
• Only 68 settlers alive at the end of the winter
• Recent research (tree rings) indicates that
  settlers landed during the worst drought in over
  700 years
• Game, corn and other foodstuffs scarce for both
  settlers and Powhatans

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Pocahontas

• Indian tribe called Powhatan
• Daughter Pocahontas rescued John Smith in 1608
  and visited the settlement until 1609
• She was captured in 1613 and held hostage for a
  year. Peace was restored for a short time
• She then married Sir John Rolfe and moved to
  England
• She died in England in 1617
• Her children were raised in VA and became one of
  the most influential families (FFV)

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Jamestown

• 1612 Tobacco introduced as a cash crop
• Need for more land
• Need for more laborers
• Indentured Servants
• Headright System
• Development of gentry class of planters

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Jamestown

• 1619 House of Burgesses formed
• Upper house appointed in England
• Lower house elected by citizens
• 1619 1st African slaves arrived
• By 1623 - 4000 of 5500 settlers had died

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Stirrups and bridle recovered from Jamestown,
useless after the English ate their horses and
were reduced to rats, snakes, and mice and to
grubbing for roots. When those resources were
exhausted, colonists turned to eating the dead.
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Maryland

• Proprietary Colony
• Founded by Sir George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore
• Haven for Catholics
• 1649 Act of Toleration
• Guaranteed toleration of all Christians
• Imposed death penalty to non-Christians

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North South Carolina

• Royal charter to group of investors
• Strong ties to West Indies plantation system
• Slave trade in both Africans and Indians
• Rice and indigo became major crops
• Charleston became busiest southern seaport

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North South Carolina

• French Huguenots migrated there for religious
  freedom
• Catholic Spaniards in Florida often raided and
  burned early settlements
• Georgia is later built as a buffer
• North South Carolina separated in 1712

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North South Carolina

• North Carolina was settled by dissenters from
  Virginia South Carolina
• Tended to have smaller farms and less slaves
• Independent thinkers and, along with Rhode
  Island, the most democratic of the colonies
• Outer banks haven for pirates

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Blackbeard is one of the pirates that inhabited
the islands in the outer banks. He was killed in
1718 by an expedition sent down from Virginia.
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Georgia

• The last of the original 13 colonies to be
  founded
• Charter granted to James Oglethorpe and other
  philanthropists
• Haven for debtors
• Created a buffer between prosperous South
  Carolina and Spanish held Florida

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The Northern Colonies

• Chapter 3

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New England Colonies/States

• Massachusetts
• Connecticut
• Rhode Island
• New Hampshire
• Vermont (Formerly part of New York)
• Maine (Formerly part of Mass.)

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• Religion played a major role in the northern
  colonies
• Protestant Reformation (1517)
• Henry VIII established Church of England
• Puritans sought to purify the church
• Predestination
• Original sin
• Visible saints the elected
• Disliked or outright persecuted by Monarchy

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Pilgrims

• Originally part of the Virginia Co. of Plymouth
• Appox. ½ separatists
• Off-course, landed north at Plymouth Rock
• Mayflower Compact
• All agreed to submit to the will of the majority
• Only males could vote
• Theocracy
• Town meetings
• Landed in December, 1620

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Plymouth, Mass
Hudson River,NY
Mayflowers Voyage Dec. 1620
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Plymouth (Plimoth) Plantation

• William Bradford elected governor 30 X
• 1st year ½ of original 100 settlers died
• Indians assisted by helping them to grow corn
• Thanksgiving was the celebration of that harvest

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Plymouth (Plimoth) Plantation

• Eventually granted their own charter
• Economy
• Farming
• Fur trade
• Lumber
• Maintained friendly relationships with local
  Indian tribe, Wampanoag .
• Wampanoag are later virtually wiped out by wars
  with settlers

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Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston Salem)

• Plymouth Co. reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay
  Co.
• Received a charter from the King
• Pilgrims arrived in 1630 with 1000 people
• Better provisioned than earlier groups
• Governor John Winthrop

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Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston Salem)

• Most were non-separatists
• Later called Congregational Church
• No frills humility

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Theocracy
• Whole purpose of government was to enforce Gods
  laws. (Kennedy, P. 47)
• Most important rules obedience and harmony
• Taxes paid to support the church
• Attendance was mandatory
• Only visible saints allowed to have membership
• Only members could vote
• Public interrogations to prove you were a visible
  saint
• People always looking for signs from God

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Great Migration
• By 1643 over 20,000
• Dissenters punished quickly and harshly
• Literacy highly rated
• Problems with Indians increased with population

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Dissenters

• Anne Hutchinson
• Antinomianism
• Women could also preach obedience to God more
  important than to church leaders
• Banished with entire family
• Moved several times and was killed by Indians

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Rhode Island

• Roger Williams
• Dissenter from Mass Bay
• Fair treatment of Indians payment for Indian
  lands
• Separation of church and state
• Religious Toleration for all

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Connecticut

• Settled 1st by settlers from Mass Bay looking for
  fertile land
• Population grew problems with Indians
• 1637 8 settlers killed by Pequot Indians
• Retaliation included burning 400 of them alive in
  their wooden fort
• Eliminated most Indians in that area

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Connecticut

• Thomas Hooker
• Fundamental Orders 1639
• Worlds 1st written constitution
• Granted charter in 1662

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New Hampshire Maine

• Setters from Mass Bay developed new villages to
  the north
• Maine remained part of Mass Bay until it became a
  state in the 1820s
• New Hampshire was claimed by Mass but the king
  gave it its own charter in 1679

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Vermont

• Claimed by both NY and NH
• King backed NYs claim
• After Rev. War, Vermont declared its independence
  from NY
• After several disputes over land were settled,
  Vermont became the 14th state in 1791

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• New England Confederation
• 4 colonies voluntarily united for common good
• New England Dominion
• United by King James II to have more control over
  the colonies
• Sir Edmund Andros
• Collapsed after the Glorious Revolution in
  England dethroned James II and gave the throne to
  William and Mary

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War with Indians

• King Phillip's (Metacom) War
• (1675) King Phillip and his followers attacked
  Plymouth Colony and killed 2000 settlers
• Colonists retaliated by killing 4000 Indians
• War lasted for several years - Indians were
  ultimately defeated and King Phillip was killed
• Indians lost all control in New England

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The Middle Colonies

• New York
• Pennsylvania
• New Jersey
• Delaware

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New York / New Netherlands

• Originally settled by the Dutch
• Governor Stuyvesant and landed gentry along the
  Hudson
• Dynamic seaport on Manhattan Island
• English took it over without a fight (1664)
• King Charles II gave it to his brother, the Duke
  of York
• It included NY, NJ and part of DE

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New Jersey

• Given to 2 Lords by the Duke of York
• Received a separate charter in 1702
• Added to William Penns holdings by the Duke of
  York in 1681
• Declared itself a state in 1776

Delaware
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Pennsylvania

• William Penns father was owed a debt of 16,000L
  by King Charles II
• The King gave him Pennsylvania to pay the debt
• Penn needed to leave England, after being
  arrested for refusing to remove his hat!

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Pennsylvania

• Became the Quaker State
• Holy Experiment
• Treated Indians fairly.
• Bought their land and protected their rights.

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Pennsylvania

• Freedom of worship to all that believed in one
  Almighty and Eternal God
• Quakers believed in
• direct salvation
• pacifism
• equality
• humility
• social justice

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Pennsylvania

• Attracted settlers from many nations by promoting
  the colony in newspapers and pamphlets
• Rich land and political stability helped the
  colony to grow and prosper
• By 1685 in held 9000 settlers by 1700 that
  number had doubled.

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Proprietary

• Pennsylvania
• Delaware
• Maryland

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Charter

• Rhode Island
• Connecticut

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Royal

• Virginia
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia

• Massachusetts
• New Hampshire
• New York
• New Jersey

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Life in America - 17th Century
Chapter 4
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Chesapeake Colonies

• Unhealthy environment
• High mortality rates
• Low life expectancy
• Majority were single men
• No natural population increase until the 18th
  century
• Few laborers available

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Chesapeake Colonies

• Soil and climate suitable for tobacco
• Labor - Indentured servants
• Land - conflicts with Indians
• Overproduction - lower prices
• Larger divide between rich and poor economies
  of scale

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Jamestown

• 1619 House of Burgesses formed
• Upper house appointed in England
• Lower house elected by citizens
• 1619 1st African slaves arrived
• By 1623 - 4000 of 5500 settlers had died

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Bacons Rebellion

• 1676
• Led by Nathaniel Bacon
• Western farmers
• Protest against lack of support from the
  government
• Particularly hated Gov. Berkeley
• Seized Jamestown and overthrew the government
• Bacon died suddenly of natural causes and the
  rebellion lost support.

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Bacons Rebellion

• Results
• 20 Rebels hanged
• Governor Berkeley was recalled
• House of Burgesses pledged to support western
  farmers
• Decreased use of indentured servants
• Increased use of slave labor

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Settlers Fighting Native AmericansDuring Bacon's
Rebellion
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• First African slaves landing in Jamestown
• By 1800 400,000 slaves had been sent to America
• Another 9.5 million went to S. America and the
  Caribbean

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Africans in America to 18th Century

• Slave revolts did occur, but overall there were
  few of them
• Slaves were easier to manage than white
  indentured servants
• (1712) Rebellion in New York
• 12 whites were killed
• 21 blacks were executed (some by burning at
  stake with a slow fire)
• (1739) the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina
• tried to march to Spanish Florida,
• stopped by the white militia

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Africans in America to 18th Century

• Black slavery in the deep South was the harshest
• Worked on rice and indigo plantations
• Climate was extremely unhealthy
• Labor was difficult and lonely (because
  plantations were so spread out)
• Mostly male laborers (meaning no family life for
  most)
• Slave population only increased with fresh
  imports, not natural procreation

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New England Families

• Healthier climate than the South
• Clean water and cool temperatures less
  contagious diseases
• Added 10 years to their lives after moving from
  England
• Average lifespan of 70 years
• First true generation of grandparents

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A Puritan Family
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Women in New England

• Family life with man as head of household
• Women gave up property rights at marriage
• Widows lost their property under some
  circumstances
• Women in the south were generally treated better
  because of the shortage and the number of men
  that died young. Most were allowed to keep their
  property whether married or widowed.

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New England

• Communities organized for efficiency and defense
• Town hall and town green
• Harsh public punishments for crimes
• Education important

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An Early 18th Century View ofHarvard College
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Halfway Covenant

• By 1662 church membership was waning
• Less people claimed to be visible saints
• Halfway Covenant allowed children of those saved
  to be baptized
• Later allowed to become full members erased
  distinction between elected and others

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Salem Witch Trials

• (1692)
• Trials may have been motivated by greed, fear,
  expediency (husbands testified against wives)
• Subsistence farmers from one side of town
  testified against people involved in commerce
  from the other side of town
• 20 people and 2 dogs executed due to hysteria
  over mysterious illnesses and occurrences

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Colonial Society

• Chapter 5

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Economy

• North and middle states
• Small farming
• Lumber
• Shipping
• Artisans
• Philadelphia largest city, followed by Boston and
  New York
• South
• Large plantations and small farms
• Seaports only major cities

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Great Awakening

• George Whitefield
• Ended period of slackening religious fervor
• Theology salvation available to all, not
  predestined
• Good works and good intentions led to salvation
• Split churches along class lines
• Fostered questioning of authority
• Encouraged education

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Great Awakening (1730-1740)

• Pious threatened by new beliefs in salvation and
  free will
• Jonathon Edwards preached that only Gods will
  (predestination) allowed the converted (visible
  saints) to go to heaven
• Famous speech Sinners of an Angry God about the
  fires of hell and Gods retribution

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Colonial Presses

• Zenger decision (1734)
• Legality of printing critical words about public
  officials if they were true
• 1st time jury found in favor of the press
• Beginning of freedom of the press
• Necessary for a democracy

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Colonial Politics

• Liberal by the standards of the day
• Allowed most male property owners to vote some
  colonies allowed all white males over 21
• All colonies had legislatures, court systems, and
  law enforcement
• Governors were either elected (RI CT) or
  appointed by the king or proprietor

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Colonial Demographics

• Population continued to grow in the 18th century
  mostly from natural growth
• By 1775, average age in colonies was 16!
• Prosperity in colonies resulted in greater
  economic and political power
• of poor people in America remained tiny
  compared with England/Europe

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• Population increased dramatically in the colonies
• 1750 - population was 1.5 million
• Cash crops and natural resources were making many
  colonists prosperous

Indian Population 10,000
White population 225,000
Black population 160,000
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Colonial Society

• 3 regions very different economies, lifestyles
• South cash crops tobacco, rice, indigo
• Poor conditions
• Slave labor
• Middle artisans, farmers, merchants
• Healthier environment
• Family or hired labor
• North rocky soil small subsistence farms,
  lumber, trade
• Healthier environment
• Family or hired labor
• Agriculture was largest industry in all 13
  colonies

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AddendumPrimary Sources
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Folk Art
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Folk Art

• What is it?
• What purpose does it serve?
• Why do historians study it?

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ARMCHAIR WITH VIEW OFITHACA FALLSChairmaker
unidentifiedIthaca, New Yorkc.
18171825Paint, bronze powder stenciling, and
gold leaf on wood, with rush seat37 3/4 x 21 x
16 1/2 in.
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DOWER CHESTJohannes Kniskern
(1746?)Schoharie County, New York1778Paint on
pine with iron hasp, key, and hardware19 3/4 x
47 x 21 in.
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FEDERAL SIDEBOARD TABLEArtist unidentifiedNew
England18101830Paint on wood with brass
knob34 7/8 x 26 x 20 in.
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The End!