Unit 5: Social Change

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Unit 5 Social Change

• Ch 16 Population and Urbanization
• Ch 17 Social Change and Collective
  Behavior

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Ch 16 Population and Urbanization

• Why study population patterns?

• Population affects ________________, especially
  in _________ areas.
• Patterns help sociologists understand predict
  how groups of people will ______. Ex
• The growth of ___________ has benefited the
  Democratic Party more than Republicans.
• Population can put a strain on future
  generations as they have to take care of a larger
  group of _________________.

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• Population statistics

• A population is a group of people living in a
  particular place at a ______________.
• Demography is the scientific study of ________.
• Demos is a Greek word meaning ______.
• When studying a population demographers look at
  many factors such as
• Size of people
• _________ how where they are located
• ____________ what groups make up the population
• Age structure ages represented in the population
• ________ births
• Mortality deaths
• _________ movement from one place to another

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• Fertility
• The Duggar Family

• Measures the actual of children born to a woman
  or to a _____________________.
• Fecundity is the potential of children that
  could be born if every woman reproduced as often
  as ________ ________.
• Of course, fertility rates are _____________
  fecundity rates.
• The highest realistic fecundity rate expected
  from a society would be about ____ births per
  woman.
• The crude birth rate is the annual of ________
  per 1,000 members of a population.
• Crude Birth Rate X
  1,000
• The fertility rate is the annual of live births
  per 1,000 women _____________
• The total fertility rate is the average of
  children born to a woman ________________.
• Health social factors (such as average age at
  marriage, ___________________, attitudes towards
  birth control, etc) all influence the birth rate.

of live births total population
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• Mortality

• _________ w/in a population.
• To analyze patterns of mortality, sociologists
  look at life span life expectancy
• Life span is the ______________ to which humans
  can survive. (Currently around ___ yrs but
  obviously few people make it anywhere near that).
• Life expectancy is the _________ of yrs that
  people in a given population born at a particular
  time can expect to live to.
• The crude death rate is the annual of deaths
  per 1,000 members of a population.
• Crude Death Rate X
  1,000
• The worldwide crude death rate is _______, but
  varies widely around the world.
• The infant mortality rate is the of deaths
  among infants ___________ of age per 1,000 live
  births.

of deaths_ total population
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• Migration

• The movement of people from one ____________ to
  another.
• Can be from one country to another or w/in a
  country (Ex. the great migration).
• The gross migration rate into or out of an area
  is the of people per 1,000 members of a
  population who ___________ a geographic area in a
  given yr.
• Net migration is the __________ b/w the of
  people entering leaving an area.
• Ex. 500 enter 200 leave, so the net migration
  is ______.
• The net migration rate is the annual or
  per 1,000 members
• In 2003, the net migration rate for the US was
  _______ per 1,000.
• When the Census Bureau reports migration rates,
  it only includes the of ______________. Thus,
  many illegal immigrants go ___________.

End Section 1
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• World population growth

• No organization has ever counted all people in
  the world. Instead, they count the most reliable
  census data where available ____________ where
  its not.
• A census is a regularly occurring _______ of a
  particular population.
• Rapid world population growth is a relatively
  _______________. The doubling time ( of yrs
  needed to double the base population size) of the
  world has been _______ as the worlds population
  faster faster.
• Why is it growing so fast?
• Exponential growth (growth in which the amount of
  is added to the based figure each time
  period).
• Better nutrition/___________
• _____________

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• Malthus population growth

• In 1798, economist Thomas Malthus wrote An Essay
  on the Principle of Population. It described the
  relationship b/w population growth
  ____________________. Key ideas
• Population growth, if unchecked, would
  ______________ leading to overpopulation, famine,
  poverty.
• Checks on population can be positive
  preventative. Positive checks are factors that
  ________ (plagues, wars, etc) preventive
  checks ________ (which back then mostly
  consisted of abstinence delayed ___________).
• The wealthy __________ already exercised
  preventive checks.
• He emphasized the importance of education
  _________________.

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• The demographic transition theory

• States that population growth is a function of
  the level of ____________________ in a country.
• Malthus brought attention to the relationship b/w
  population growth economic development, but
  there are 2 things he hadnt considered
  _____________________ reliable methods of
  ___________________.
• The demographic transition theory takes them into
  account describes 4 stages of population
  growth
• Stage 1 Both birth rate death rate are ______.
  Population growth is ____. __________ are at
  this stage today.
• Stage 2 Birth rate is ____ death rate is ___
  due to better health care food production.
  Population growth is _______. Most of
  _______________ is at this stage.
• Stage 3 Birth rate __________, but death rate
  continues to go ___. Population growth is still
  ___. Many ______________ countries are at this
  stage.
• Stage 4 Both birth death rates are ______.
  Population growth is ____ if at all. The US,
  Canada, __________, Japan are at this stage.

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• Future world population growth

• World population growth reached its peak in the
  late _____ at 2.04. The current growth rate is
  around ____. Its projected to drop to zero by
  _______.
• But even though the rate of growth is , the
  population itself is _______________.
• There are currently over ________ people in the
  world. By 2025, there will be ________. By the
  time the worlds population reaches zero
  population growth (a situation in which deaths
  are balanced by births so that the population
  doesnt grow), it is predicted to be at
  ____________.
• The population momentum is the ______________
  population growth immediately b/c of a previously
  high rate of growth. It would take _______ yrs
  for the population to stabilize if all women were
  to immediately only have ____ children each.
• The replacement level is the birth rate at which
  a couple replaces itself w/o adding to the
  population (about ________).

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• Population control

• Refers to the conscious attempt to regulate
  population size through ___________________
  ___________.
• Historically, high birth rates were ________ to
  serve as replacement for high death rates,
  children to work parents farms take care of
  them in old age, raise large armies, b/c some
  countries had __________ against birth control.
• This changed in the middle of the 1900s as some
  countries began to see high birth rates as a
  _______ to their well being.
• Family planning is the __________ of population
  control methods. Countries that use this method
  of population control may fund family planning
  education, provide birth control materials, etc
  This approach has _____________.

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• "For a prosperous, powerful nation and a happy
  family, please use birth planning." Gov.t sign
  in area of Nanchang where pregnant women hide.
• Rural Sichuan roadside sign "It is forbidden to
  discriminate against, mistreat or abandon baby
  girls."

• Compulsory population control methods have been
  used in China Singapore. They do this through
  a system of ___________________, such as higher
  ____ for families w/ more than 1 child more
  gov.t assistance for families w/ only 1 child.
  Successful, but _____________.
• Introduced in China in the 1970s to make sure
  they could _______ all their people.
• People in cities are allowed only _______ (unless
  the couple is an ethnic minority or both are only
  children).
• In rural areas, theyre permitted ____ children.
• Enforced w/ financial penalties, in the past,
  forced _________ sterilizations.
• Frequently ________ (a woman might go away come
  back w/ a relatives child or claim they
  adopted the child).
• Since males are traditionally valued over
  females, it has led to numerous _______ of female
  fetuses to an unbalanced _________________.
• China announced in March 2008 that it will
  ________________ for at least another 10 yrs.

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• Population pyramids

• Are graphic representations of the age sex
  ____________________.
• They show _______ ________ rates, which can be
  used to predict school, housing, health
  resource needs, etc
• They also show the dependency ratio which is the
  ratio of dependent people (those under 15 over
  64) to ___________________ people.
• Developing nations have a higher _______
  dependency developed nations have a higher
  __________ dependency.
• So countries w/ a higher youth dependency have to
  worry more about funding for schools other
  youth programs, while countries w/ a higher
  old-age dependency have to worry about programs
  like Medicare, Social Security, etc

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Changes in Japans Population Structure
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Chinas Population Structure
End Section 2
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• Cities

• Dense ____________ concentrations of people
  living in a specific area working primarily in
  _________________.
• In the US, a city must have ________ people.
• In Sweden its only 200 people Japan its
  30,000 .
• Urbanization is the process by which an
  increasingly larger portion of the worlds
  population lives _______________.
• Early cities appeared about ___________ yrs ago.
  Ur, one of the worlds 1st major cities (located
  in modern day ____) only had about 24,000 people.
  Rome during the time of the Roman empire had b/w
  ½ - 1 mil people.
• Preindustrial cities arose due to improving
  __________ techniques.
• 4 types of people tended to come to early cities
• _______ to consolidate political, military,
  /or religious power.
• Functionaries political /or religious
  officials who _________________ of the elites.
• _________ to work sell their products.
• The poor hoping to find _____ (but rarely able
  to).

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• Modern cities arose after the ______________
  ________ followed by the ________________.
  Factories led to larger groups of people living
  working in the same areas particularly areas near
  _________________ (water, mines, etc).
• Currently about ½ of the worlds population live
  in urban areas. In developed countries its
  about ____ of the population in developing
  countries about ____.
• In developing countries, there is a larger supply
  of _______ from the countryside coming into the
  cities than there are ___________. This has led
  to overurbanization (a situation in which a city
  cannot supply adequate ______________ for its
  inhabitants).
• In _________ countries, there tend to be a few
  large cities, more medium cities, many small
  cities. Whereas _________ countries often only
  have __________________________.

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• Cities in the US have been _____________ due to
  suburbanization (the loss of population of a city
  to surrounding areas), the US is now
  predominantly _____________.
• Suburbanization became possible due to advances
  in technology in __________ (phones, tv,
  computers, internet, etc) ____________
  (trains, highways, cars, etc). This makes it
  easier for people to _________________ to stay
  in touch w/ others.
• Suburbs are attractive to many people b/c of
  their less crowding traffic, ________, better
  schools, less crime, less pollution.
• In the mid 1900s, cities lost people during the
  white flight (upper middle class whites
  moving to _______, leaving behind a
  disproportionate of minorities
  ________________) businesses also left due to
  lower tax rates, less expensive land, less
  congestion, more customers. This led to a
  central city dilemma for many cities (having a
  high of minorities poor people w/ less tax
  to help w/ ______________________).

• Suburbanization in the US

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• Some cities are being __________ through
  gentrification (the development of low-income
  areas by ____________ homebuyers, landlords,
  professional developers). Additionally, in
  recent years, more ________ have been moving back
  to some cities.
• Edge cities have formed. An edge city is a
  suburban unit specializing in a particular
  activity its a smaller, more focused version
  of an ______________. It may specialize in
  technology, financial services, etc Theyre
  kind of like a city w/in a city but w/ no formal
  ______________________ them.

End Section 3
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• Urban ecology

• The study of the relationships b/w humans
  ______________________.
• Researchers look at things like how areas w/in
  the same city are different, how they
  _____________, what processes change them.
• There are 4 major theories about city growth
• Concentric zone theory
• Sector theory
• Multiple nuclei theory
• Peripheral theory
• None of these theories explain city environments
  ________, but can tell much when put together.

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• The concentric zone theory

• Describes urban growth in terms of ______ areas
  that grow from the central city outward.
• The innermost circles in the ____________ ______
  the heart of the city. It contains major
  gov.t private office buildings, major stores,
  entertainment facilities. The property values
  are very high which pushes out _________________.
• The zone surrounding it is the zone in
  ___________. The property there is often bought
  rented out for profit for businesses or
  apartments. Often this area is not taken care of
  properly contains ________.
• The surrounding zones are used for ______.
• Many northern cities developed this way.

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• The sector theory

• Emphasizes the importance of _____________
  ________ in the process of urban growth.
• Sectors tend to be ____________ w/ wedges
  radiating from the central business district to
  the citys outskirts. Each sector is organized
  around a major transportation route.
• Sectors will be predominantly industrial or
  business or residential, etc
• Includes Richmond, Seattle, _____________.

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• The multiple nuclei theory
• The peripheral theory

• Focuses on specific _____________________
  influences on urban growth.
• These cities arent dependent on a ________
  _______. Instead, they have several separate
  centers (such as manufacturing, retail,
  residential, etc).
• These separate centers developed due to
  geography, history, tradition, etc
• _________ is an example.
• Emphasizes the growth of _______ around the
  central city.
• As communication transportation have improved
  in the last 50 yrs, much of the business of
  cities is done _________ of the cities.

End Section 4
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Ch 17 Social Change and Collective Behavior

• Change in society

• Social change is new societal behaviors w/
  important _______________________.
• Its hard to predict b/c the type of change
  depends on the existing _______.
• Ex. The rise of democracy in the US included a
  president congress. In Britain, they have a
  queen, prime minister, parliament.
• Ex. Some societies only allow marriage between 1
  man 1 woman, some allow homosexuals to marry,
  some allow polygamy.

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• Why do some societies change faster more
  dramatically than others?

• Change w/in a society is a result of several
  processes and major factors
• Social processes (a series of steps leading to
  change on a societal level)
• _________
• Invention
• Diffusion
• Major factors
• Technology
• __________
• Natural environment
• Revolution ______

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• Processes

• Discovery the process by which something is
  learned or _____________.
• Earth is round exploration, colonization
• Women can learn math science
• Invention the creation of _______________ from
  previously existing items or processes. The more
  _______ the society, the _______ social change
  through invention occurs.
• Telephones improved communications
• Cars suburbs, pollution
• Diffusion the process by which one culture or
  society _______ from another. The culture picks
  chooses what it will will not ________.
• Food Chinese, Italian, Mexican, etc
• Clothing more or less modest, whats gender
  appropriate, etc
• Gov.t Democracy, Communism, etc
• Language learning an entirely new language or
  just some _______________.

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• Major factors

• Technology knowledge tools used to achieve
  ______________.
• Inventions become part of technology possessed.
• New technology is often a sign that _________
  will follow.
• Spinning wheel The Industrial Revolution
• Internet
• ___________ demographics stay the same or
  change.
• Changes in ages structure, religion, ethnic
  groups, etc can affect societies __________.
• Natural environment
• Shapes societies _______________________.
• American frontier independent, ruggedness, etc
• Resources coal vs. oil, deserts lack water,
  etc
• Natural disasters
• Revolution the sudden complete overthrow of
  an existing _____ or __________________.
• But they usually lead to __________, not radical
  change.
• American Revolution (many same Americans w/
  power, Congress similar to Parliament, etc)
• War an _________, armed conflict w/in a society
  or b/w nations.
• Promote invention (tanks, atomic bombs)
  discovery (resources techniques).

End Section 1
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• The functionalist perspectives view on social
  change

• Functionalism emphasizes stability continuity
  however there are 2 beliefs about social change
  both involving the idea of _____________
• 1. Equilibrium (a state of functioning
  __________, maintained by a societys tendency to
  make small adjustments to change)
• So this is about making ______ adjustments.
• 2. A society in change, moves from stability to
  ___________ then back to stability.
• So this is about making ______ adjustments to
  find a ______ _________.

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• The conflict perspectives view on social change

• Believe social change is a result of struggles
  among groups for ________ ____________. Change
  occurs when the conflicts are __________ (at
  least temporarily).
• Haves vs. have nots
• Environmentalists vs. industrialists
• Gender conflicts
• Racial/ethnic conflicts
• Religious conflicts
• Etc

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• The symbolic interactionist perspectives view on
  social change

• Believe humans interact w/ others based on
  commonly shared symbols, so as shared meanings
  , ______________ social interaction becomes
  more ___________.
• German sociologist Ferdinard Tonnies argued that
  prior to industrialization, people lived in small
  communities w/ many _____________. After
  industrialization, people lost many of those
  common symbols that had been developed over time
  through a ________________.
• Urbanism is the distinctive way of life shared by
  the people living in a _______.
• Some agree w/ Tonnies, some dont. Opponents
  argue about communities w/in cities that maintain
  many shared symbols such as ________________
  communities.

End Section 2
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• Collective behavior

• The __________ behavior of a group of people
  responding to ________________.
• Collectivity is a collection of people who do not
  _______________ who do not share clearly
  defined norms.
• Stimuli refers to outside events or people that
  cause a response.
• This means that collective behavior is
  ___________.
• Some collective behavior occurs when people are
  in ____________ while others occur when a
  collectivity made up of people who arent
  physically connected but follow ____________ or
  respond to common stimuli known as dispersed
  collectivity.
• Ex. On Sept 11th, people at the Twin Towers were
  in physical contact, but all Americans made up
  dispersed collectivity.

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• Rumors, legends, fads, fashions

• People often respond to certain information in
  similar ways even when _________________.
  Rumors, fads, fashions are collective behaviors
  exhibited by ________ _______________.
• A rumor is a widely circulating story of
  _______________.
• Urban legends are a moralistic tale which focuses
  on current concerns ________.
• They are an expression of our fears allow us to
  be shocked horrified at others ____________.
• http//www.snopes.com/ (website that examines
  the truth of rumors urban legends)
• Ex. Someone had a roach in their meal at a
  restaurant, someone got AIDs from a needle left
  at the movies, etc
• A fad is an unusual ________ pattern that spreads
  rapidly _______________________.
• Ex. Skateboarding, streaking, etc
• A fashion is a behavior pattern that is
  _____________ but is expected to
  ___________________.
• Ex. Popularity of clothing labels, styles of
  jeans, slang, architecture, etc

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• Mass hysteria panics

• Mass hysteria occurs when collective _________ is
  created by acceptance of one or more _______
  __________.
• Ex. Salem witch trials, Orson Welless Men from
  Mars radio broadcast, mistaken beliefs about how
  AIDS is spread, etc
• Ends when ______ are made known.
• Panic is people reacting to a real threat in
  fearful, anxious, often ______________ ways.
• Ex. Exiting buildings during fires, leaving
  sinking ships, etc

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• Crowds

• ___________________ of people who share an
  immediate common interest.
• 4 different types
• A _______ crowd least organized, least
  emotional, most ___________.
• Ex. gathering on a street to watch a performer.
• A _________ crowd has a specific purpose
  follows excepted norms for behavior.
• Ex. going to a baseball game or movie.
• An ________ crowd have no significant or
  long-term purpose beyond unleashing ______. Free
  expression occurs like yelling, crying, laughing,
  jumping, etc
• Ex. New Years Eve at Time Square, funeral
  procession for a fallen leader, etc
• An ____ crowd takes action to reach a _________.
• Another type of crowd may become an acting crowd
  if ____________ lead up to it.
• Ex. Protesters of a new law, workers picketing,
  etc
• - _______ are also acting crowds.

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• Mobs riots

• A mob is an ___________________, disorderly crowd
  that is ready to use destructiveness _________
  to achieve a purpose.
• Achieving the common purpose is essential.
  Everything else is a _________. Members are
  pressured to conform they have
  ____________________.
• Ex. Lynching of blacks during segregation, draft
  protesters, etc
• A riot is an episode of largely ______________
  violence carried out by a crowd.
• Rioters often ____________ engage in
  destructive behavior to express their
  frustrations.
• No ______________, targets are often whatever
  whomever is convenient.
• Usually triggered by a single event but caused by
  a _____________ issue.
• Ex. LA riots after trial of police charged w/
  beating Rodney King.

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• 3 theories of crowd behavior

• The contagion theory states that members of
  crowds _______ each other to higher higher
  levels of emotion __________________.
• People lose their individuality to the ______
  of the crowd.
• Herbert Blumer proposed a version which has 3
  stages
• _______ people move around aimlessly like
  cattle becoming increasingly aware of one
  another.
• _________________ crowd becomes impulsive,
  unstable, highly responsive to others. Begin
  to lose their own identity take on the crowds.
• ______________ behavior is rigid, unthinking,
  irrational.
• Ex. Riots at soccer games, buying things randomly
  at an auction, etc
• The emergent norm theory states that ________
  develop to guide crowd behavior.
• Rules develop w/in crowds - the same that govern
  ________.
• Groups w/in the crowd will act differently b/c
  they have different _________.
• Ex. some people loot while others just stand by
  do nothing.
• The convergence theory states that crowds are
  formed by people who deliberately congregate w/
  ________________.
• So the crowds are _________ by shared values
  attitudes.
• Ex. Protesters outside an abortion clinic.

More ________
More ______
Somewhat ______
End Section 3
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• Social movements

• Are movements whose goal is to _________________
  social change.
• 4 characteristics
• _______ of people
• A common goal to promote OR prevent social change
• Organized w/ __________________
• Lasts a relatively _____________
• Theyre the most highly structured, rational,
  ______ form of collective behavior.
• Ex. American Rev., womens suffrage, The Civil
  Rights Movement, pro-life pro-choice
  movements, etc
• There are 4 types of social movements
• Revolutionary movements attempt to change a _____
  _______ (Ex. American Rev., Communist Revs.).
• Reformative movements attempt to make ________
  changes in _____ (Ex. prohibition, womens
  suffrage).
• Redemptive movements attempt to change ________
  _________ (Ex. religious cults).
• Alternative movements attempt to make ________
  changes to ________ (Ex. Zero Population Growth
  Movement).

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• The value-added theory

• Holds that ________________ must exist for social
  movements to occur.
• Each condition ____________.
• Structural conduciveness the surroundings/______
  _____ must allow for the social movement to
  flourish (ex. allow for good communication)
• Structural strains the presence of conflicts,
  uncertainties, inconsistencies which provide a
  belief in the ___________________.
• Generalized beliefs general recognition that
  there is a problem it needs to be ________.
• Precipitating factors one or more significant
  events must occur to ________ the movement.
• ___________ of participants for action the
  movement starts.
• Social control _________ social control may
  make the movement fail while ________ social
  control might give the movement more momentum.

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• The resource mobilization theory

• Focuses on how members of a social movement
  secure use _______ needed to ________________.
• Resources include ______________ (Ex.
  leadership, organization, etc) ________
  _______ (Ex. , property, etc)
• Movements dont succeed w/o enough of these
  resources, so the movements must successfully
  appeal to the people who can __________ those
  resources.

End Section 4