Industrialism, Urbanization, Immigration, Progressivism

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• Industrialism, Urbanization, Immigration,
  Progressivism
• Standard 5 (c)

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USHC-5.4 Analyze the rise of the labor movement,
including the composition of the workforce of the
country in terms of gender, race/ethnicity, and
skills working conditions for men, women, and
children and union protests and strikes and the
governments reactions to these forms of unrest.

• It was not until the progressive President
  Theodore Roosevelt began to support the right of
  workers to bargain collectively that unions began
  to get some government recognition.
• It was not until the New Deal that the unions
  right to organize workers was recognized in the
  law.

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USHC-5.4 Analyze the rise of the labor movement,
including the composition of the workforce of the
country in terms of gender, race/ethnicity, and
skills working conditions for men, women, and
children and union protests and strikes and the
governments reactions to these forms of unrest.

• By the end of the 19th century unions were not
  successful in changing the abuses of the
  workplace.
• This was due to public perception of them as
  dangerous and to government support of the
  interests of Big Business.

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Urbanization

• USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
  urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
  including the movement from farm to city, the
  continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
  and the migration of African Americans to the
  North and the Midwest.

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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• Cities developed as a result of
• geographic factors first as centers of trade,
• then as transportation hubs and finally,
• with the advent of electricity, as centers of
  industrial production in the 19th century.

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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• They were affected by technological innovations
  such as the
• elevator,
• steel girders,
• suspension bridges,
• electric trolley cars,
• els and
• subways
• These allowed cities to grow both skyward and
  outward.
• Cities grew as people immigrated from abroad and
  migrated from the farm to the city.

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Building the New York Subway
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Elevated Train
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Electrical Trolley
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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• Although most freedmen stayed in the South
  immediately after the Civil War, African-American
  migration from the South intensified as a result
  of
• poor cotton yields due to soil exhaustion and the
  boll weevil,
• discrimination of Jim Crow laws,
• intimidation
• lynchings of African Americans in the South.
• As farm prices fell, African Americans joined
  other farmers in the move to the cities for job
  opportunities.

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The Great Migration
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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• This movement to the cities intensified during
  World War I as more jobs became available.
• Farm technology played a role as farmers in all
  regions
• produced more and sold it for less,
• defaulted on loans,
• lost their land and moved to the cities to find
  work.
• Others were attracted to the city because of its
  rich cultural life and excitement.
• Despite the phenomenal growth of cities, the
  majority of the American people still lived
  outside of urban areas before 1920.

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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• Crowded city conditions led to problems with
• housing,
• sanitation,
• transportation,
• water,
• Crime,
• fire.
• Corrupt city bosses using the political power of
  their immigrant constituencies were unable to
  successfully address all of these problems
  because of corruption.

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Great Chicago Fire
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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• The progressive movement developed as a result of
  the need to address urban problems and
  corruption.
• The resulting city planning included parks and
  majestic buildings designed to awe residents and
  influence their behavior.
• Progressive changes in city government made it
  more professional and more responsive to the
  needs of the people.

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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• The womens suffrage movement intensified in the
  late 19th century.
• Women had the opportunity for higher education at
  new womens colleges and new opportunities in
  factories and offices.
• However, it was the movement west that had the
  greater impact on gaining the right of women to
  vote.
• The first state to grant women suffrage was
  Wyoming and western states generally allowed
  women to vote before eastern states did.

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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• Middle class women were increasingly frustrated
  by their inability to have political influence in
  solving the problems of city life and the
  workplace.
• African-American women formed the National
  Association of Colored Women to secure the civil
  rights of African-Americans which included
  womens suffrage.
• In 1890, women formed the National American
  Womens Suffrage Association to lobby for the
  vote.

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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• A split over tactics disrupted the movement as
  some women lobbied state legislatures and others
  targeted the national government by supporting a
  national amendment to the Constitution.
• Women campaigned on the idea that they would
  clean up society and government.
• They were opposed by the liquor industry and
  political bosses.

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USHC-5.5 Explain the causes and effects of
urbanization in late nineteenth-century America,
including the movement from farm to city, the
continuation of the womens suffrage movement,
and the migration of African Americans to the
North and the Midwest.

• More radical women organized picket lines and
  hunger strikes.
• The 19th Amendment was passed in 1920 in part as
  a result of this activism and of the contribution
  women made to the war effort.

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Immigration

• USHC-5.6 Explain the influx of immigrants into
  the United States in the late nineteenth century
  in relation to the specific economic, political,
  and social changes that resulted, including the
  growth of cities and urban ethnic neighborhoods,
  the restrictions on immigration that were
  imposed, and the immigrants responses to the
  urban political machines.

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USHC-5.6 Explain the influx of immigrants into
the United States in the late nineteenth century
in relation to the specific economic, political,
and social changes that resulted, including the
growth of cities and urban ethnic neighborhoods,
the restrictions on immigration that were
imposed, and the immigrants responses to the
urban political machines.

• Many immigrants were too poor to move beyond the
  port cities where they landed.
• Thus ethnic neighborhoods grew as immigrants
  looked for the familiar in a strange new land.
• Churches, schools, businesses and newspapers
  reflected the ethnicity of Little Italy,
  Greektown or Polonia.

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Little Italy 1908
Chinatown
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USHC-5.6 Explain the influx of immigrants into
the United States in the late nineteenth century
in relation to the specific economic, political,
and social changes that resulted, including the
growth of cities and urban ethnic neighborhoods,
the restrictions on immigration that were
imposed, and the immigrants responses to the
urban political machines.

• Many established immigrants helped those who had
  newly arrived to find jobs and housing.
• This had a powerful impact on city politics.
• People voted for those who found them jobs and
  helped them through hard times.
• Immigrants gave their votes to neighborhood and
  ward bosses in gratitude for the help they had
  received, not as a result of any direct bribery.

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USHC-5.6 Explain the influx of immigrants into
the United States in the late nineteenth century
in relation to the specific economic, political,
and social changes that resulted, including the
growth of cities and urban ethnic neighborhoods,
the restrictions on immigration that were
imposed, and the immigrants responses to the
urban political machines.

• Although many political bosses were corrupt and
  routinely used graft and bribery in awarding city
  contracts, they also served an important role in
  helping new immigrants to adapt to their new
  country.
• The power that immigrant groups gave to the urban
  political machine allowed the bosses to solve
  important urban problems despite the abuses that
  occurred under city bosses such as New Yorks
  Boss Tweed.

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USHC-5.6 Explain the influx of immigrants into
the United States in the late nineteenth century
in relation to the specific economic, political,
and social changes that resulted, including the
growth of cities and urban ethnic neighborhoods,
the restrictions on immigration that were
imposed, and the immigrants responses to the
urban political machines.

• Restrictions on immigration were the result of
  ethnic prejudices and market forces.
• Nativism, which predated the Civil War with
  prejudices against the Germans and the Irish.
• After the Civil War, westerners resented the
  Chinese workers who had built the railroads and
  Chinese immigration was restricted as a result of
  such prejudices.

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USHC-5.6 Explain the influx of immigrants into
the United States in the late nineteenth century
in relation to the specific economic, political,
and social changes that resulted, including the
growth of cities and urban ethnic neighborhoods,
the restrictions on immigration that were
imposed, and the immigrants responses to the
urban political machines.

• Unskilled workers objected to the practice of
  contracting laborers in Europe who would come to
  take jobs from native Americans and exert a
  downward pressure on wages.
• The United States government passed a law which
  limited this practice.
• Union members also resented the immigrants who
  were employed as scabs (strikebreakers) by
  management.

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USHC-5.6 Explain the influx of immigrants into
the United States in the late nineteenth century
in relation to the specific economic, political,
and social changes that resulted, including the
growth of cities and urban ethnic neighborhoods,
the restrictions on immigration that were
imposed, and the immigrants responses to the
urban political machines.

• In the late 19th century, resentments focused on
  the immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
  as the numbers of these groups grew and the
  differences with previous immigrant groups, (such
  as the English, Irish and Germans) and native
  Americans were more obvious.
• Although further restrictions on immigration were
  proposed in Congress in the 1890s, they did not
  pass until the 1920s.
• Late 19th century nativism can be seen as another
  expression of Social Darwinism.

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USHC-5.6 Explain the influx of immigrants into
the United States in the late nineteenth century
in relation to the specific economic, political,
and social changes that resulted, including the
growth of cities and urban ethnic neighborhoods,
the restrictions on immigration that were
imposed, and the immigrants responses to the
urban political machines.

• Reformers, such as Jane Addams, served the
  immigrant population through the establishment of
  settlement houses, such as Hull House, to aid the
  immigrants in their assimilation into American
  culture.