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Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

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Title: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt


1
Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt
  • Chapter 28
  • By Jessica Maria Lopez

2
Progressive Roots
  • The Progressive Movement initiated before the
    first decade of the 20th century.
  • They attempted to expose the abuses of business
    and the corruption in politics.
  • Their main purpose was to use the government as
    an agency of human welfare.
  • They originated from Greenback Labor Party of the
    1870s 1880s and the Populist Party of the 1890s.

3
  • Writers and Politicians began to pinpoint targets
    for the progressive attack
  • 1894 Henry D. Lloyd Wealth Against Common
    Wealth exposed the corruption of monopoly of the
    Standard Oil Company.
  • 1899 Thorsten Veblen The Theory of the Leisure
    Class criticizing those who made money out of
    the trusts.

4
  • Socialist promoted a brand of progressivism base
    on Christian doctrines to get better housing and
    living conditions for the urban poor.
  • Feminist entered the fight to improve the lives
    of families that lived and worked in cities with
    bad condition.
  • Jane Addams
  • Lillian Wald

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6
Raking Muck with Muckrakers
  • 1902 magazines joined in on the bashing of the
    trusts.
  • Cosmopolitan
  • Colliers
  • Everybodys
  • President Roosevelt gave them the name of
    Muckrakers he found them annoying.
  • Some of their writings became best-selling books

7
  • These writers exposed the money trusts, the
    railroad barons, and the corrupt amassing of
    American fortunes
  • John Spargos The Bitter Cry of the Children
    exposed child labor.
  • Ray Stannard Bakers Following the Color Line was
    about the illiteracy of Blacks.
  • Ida M. Tarbell against Standard Oil
  • Most well-known woman in muckracking movement,
    and a respected business historian.

8
  • Some of the most effective topics of the
    muckrakers involved immoral white slaves
    traffic in women, the unstable slums and the
    dreadful amount of industrial accidents.
  • They believed that in order to cure American
    democracy, was more democracy.

9
Political Progressivism
  • Progressives were usually middle-class men and
    women who felt squeezed from the big trusts and
    the immigrants that worked for cheap labor.
  • Two goals
  • To use state power to curb state tursts and to
    stem the socialist threat by generally improving
    the common persons conditions of life and labor

10
  • 1st objective was to regain the power lost to the
    interests. In order to do that they were in
    favor of
  • Initiative so thatvoters could directly
    propose legislation.
  • Referendums so that the people could actually
    vote on issues that affected them.
  • Recalls would let the voters eliminate previous
    elected officials.

11
  • 2nd Root-out graft
  • Graft is one thing attached to another by
    insertion or implantation so it becomes part of
    it. Transplant.
  • Australian ballot was secretly beign intorduced
    in the states to ensure the voter records a
    sincere choice.
  • Bribery was less achievable

12
  • Finally in 1913 17th Amendment established the
    direct election of U.S. senators.
  • Feminists received support from progressives
    early 1900s for Woman suffrage (right to vote)
    but did not come yet.

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14
Progressivism in the Cities and States
  • Progressivism gained a lot in the cities
  • For example Galveston, TX used expert-staffed
    commissions to manage urban affairs or the
    city-manager system, that was created to take
    politics out of municipal administration.
  • Urban reformers took on slumlords, juvenile
    delinquency, and wide-open prostitution.

15
  • Later on this elevated from cities to state
    level.
  • 1901 Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. La Follette
    fought for control from the trusts and returned
    power to the people, leading him up to a
    progressive Republican leader. Other states
    followed
  • Oregon and California, which was led by Governor
    Hiram W. Johnson.
  • Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York,
    obtained fame as an investigator of all the
    wrongdoings of gas and insurance companies, and
    coal trusts.

16
Progressive Women
  • Woman could not vote or hold a position in
    office, but they were still very active in
    regards of family-ill issues.
  • Most female progressives related their activities
    as extensions of their traditional roles of wife
    and mother.
  • Keeping children out of mills and sweatshops
  • Winning pensions for mothers with dependent
    children
  • Making sure food products were safe to eat

17
  • Womens Trade Union League and the National
    Consumers League
  • Two new federal agencies in the Department of
    Labor
  • The Childrens Bureau (1912)
  • The Womens Bureau (1920)

18
  • The fire in 1911 at the Triangle Shirtwaist
    Company in New York City, 146, mostly young women
    killed from severe burns, or from jumping off
    from the eight or ninth story.
  • New York city legislator passed stronger laws
    regulating the hours and conditions of sweatshops
  • 1917 thirty states established workers
    compensation laws, this provided the workers with
    insurance incase of an injury caused by
    industrial accidents.
  • Gradual turn into free enterprise

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20
  • Founded by Frances E. Willard Womans Christian
    Temperance Union (WCTU), Anti-Saloon League.
  • Formed to go against alchocol (because it was
    related with prostitution and thretened family
    stability).
  • 1 million women to make the world homelike
  • Lead WCTU into the largest womans organiztion in
    the world.
  • In 1919, the 18th Amendment forbade the sale and
    drinking of alcohol.

21
TRs Square Deal for Labor
  • President Roosevelt was touched by the
    progressive movement and embraced a Square
    Deal, a program with the three Cs
  • Control of the corporations
  • Consumer protection
  • Conservation of natural resources
  • 1902 a strike took place in the anthracite coal
    mines of Pennsylvania, 140,000 workers demanded
    20 pay increase and reduction of working hours
    from ten to nine hours.

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23
  • Mine owners did not pay any attention to the
    workers and refused to even negotiate.
  • Schools and factories were being shut down, and
    hospitals were suffering the winter cold.
  • Desperate, and annoyed, Roosevelt threatened to
    seize the mines and operate them with federal
    troops.
  • A compromise decision gave the minors 10
    increase and nine hours of work.
  • 1903 Department of Commerce and Labor, which was
    also a part of the Bureau of Corporations
    (breaking the monopoly and making way for the
    trust-busting" era).

24
TR Corrals the Corporations
  • The Interstate Commerce Commission created in
    1887 did not succeed. So Congress passed the
    Elkins Act in 1903, this fined railroads that
    gave rebates and the shippers that accepted them.
  • Hepburn Act, 1906 restricted the free passes of
    the railroad.

25
  • Roosevelt believed that there were good trusts
    and bad trusts, so he did not want to go
    smashing all of the businesses. For example the
    Northern Securities Company, which was organized
    by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill.
  • 1904, the Supreme Court upheld Roosevelts
    antitrust suit and told the Northern Securities
    to vanish, this made Wall Street really mad but
    helped Roosevelts image.

26
  • Roosevelt cracked down on over 40 trusts, and he
    helped remove the beef, sugar, fertilizer, and
    harvester trusts, but in reality, he wasnt as
    great of a trustbuster as he might seem to be.
  • His intentions were not to take down the good
    trusts, but the trusts that did fall under
    Rooseveltss regulations fell symbolically, so
    that other trusts would reform themselves.
  • Roosevelts successor, William Howard Taft, took
    down more trusts.
  • 1911 when Taft tried to crack down on U.S. Steel,
    a company that had personally been allowed by
    Roosevelt to absorb the Tennessee Coal and Iron
    Company, the reaction from Roosevelt was
    explosive.

27
Caring for the Consumer
  • A lot of the meat companies were preparing meat
    in very unsanitary ways and the Europeans were
    complaining about the exported meat that they
    bought from the U.S.
  • In 1906, the Meat Inspection Act was passed,
    which decreed that the preparation of meat
    shipped over state lines would be subject to
    federal inspection from corral to can. Canned
    food is something that the Americans desperately
    needed.
  • Pure Food and, Drug Act initiated to prevent the
    misuse and mislabeling of foods and anything
    related to pharmacy.

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29
Earth Control
  • Desert Land act of 1877- under which federal
    government sold arid land cheaply.
  • The act that was successful was the Forest
    Reserve Act of 1891which allowed to set aside
    public forest as national parks and other
    reserves. 46 million acres of land were preserved
    due to this.
  • Roosevelt as well as pinchot loved natural
    resources and helped initiate conservation
    projects.

30
  • Another act that was created was the Newlands act
    of 1902 that initiated projects for western
    states.
  • By 1900 a quarter of the nations natural
    timberlands remained so Roos. Set aside 125
    millions acres. Big accomplishment during his
    presidency.
  • The book of Jack Londons call and the boy scouts
    of America were created due to disappearance of
    the national frontier.

31
The Roosevelt Panic of 1907
  • TR was elected president but he denied it since
    he had served two terms by then.
  • There was a panic in Wall Street where the
    financial flurry frightened runs on banks,
    suicides, and criminal indictments against
    speculators in 1907.
  • TR was found in the middle but he got out and
    the panic died.
  • In 1908 the Aldrich- Vreeland act which led to
    Federal Reserve act of 1913.

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33
The Rough Rider Thunders Out
  • In 1908 campaign William Howard Taft was elected
    as the successor of TR where he was hoping that
    Taft would follow his policies.
  • Taft defeated William Jennings Bryan.
  • TR went on a lion hunt while Taft was in charge.
  • He helped many Americans have healthy adult
    lives, and ensured that new trusts would fit in
    capitalism.
  • TR protected against socialism and opened the
    eyes of Americans to see that they share the
    world with other nations. So it couldnt be
    isolationist.

34
Traft A Round Peg in a Square Hole
  • Everybody loves a fat man.
  • Taft was a mild progressive, and a sensitive to
    criticism and not liberal as TR.
  • People were inspired since he graduated 2nd in
    his class at Yale.

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36
The Dollar Goes Abroad as Diplomat
  • Taft urged Americans to invest in a policy called
    the dollar diplomacy and called out to the Wall
    Street to sluice their dollars to foreign areas.
  • They wanted to go to the far east where the
    Panamal canal was so they went to Japan and
    Russians who controlled the railroads of
    province.
  • Taft had a secretary of state- Knox who sent a
    group of Americans, and foreign bankers to try to
    buy railroads and turn them to china.
  • Japan and Russia denied.

37
Taft the Trustbuster
  • Taft brought 90 suits against the trust during
    the four years in office.
  • In 1911 the supreme court ordered the dissolution
    of the mighty standard oil company.
  • Also Taft decided to press an antitrust suit
    against the U.S steel corp.
  • He now became TRs antagonist.

38
Taft Splits the Republican Party
  • Two issues split the rep. party the tariff and
    the conservation of lands.
  • Taft passed a reductive bill led by senator
    Aldrich, then later the Payne-Aldrich bill was
    passed and Taft signed it betraying his campaign
    promises.
  • It was drawn from the west and it outraged many
    people.
  • Taft called it the best bill ever passed.

39
  • Taft tried to control the mineral resources by
    establishing the Bureau of mines, but all he did
    was mess up and fire Pinchot the chief of the
    agriculture depart. People were infuriated.
  • By spring of 1910 the Republican Party was split
    wide open.
  • The democrats emerged with a landslide in the
    house.

40
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
  • In 1911 the National Progressive Republican
    League with La Follete being the leader
  • TR tried coming back to the rep. party to make
    things better but all he won was being the
    candidate on the progressive party ticket.
  • He was pushing La Follete
  • Roosevelt tasted the bitter cup of defeat but was
    on fire to lead a third party crusade.

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