What are the parts and function of the upper and lower respiratory system

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Chapter 10

• What are the parts and function of the upper and
  lower respiratory system?
• What is the mechanism for expiration and
  inspiration?
• How is breathing controlled by the nervous system
  and through chemicals?
• Where and how is exchange of gases accomplished?
• What are some common respiratory infections and
  disorders?

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Overview of the respiratory system
9.1 The respiratory system
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What is the pathway that air follows?
8.1 Overview of digestion

• Nostrils-nasal conchae
• pharynx
• glottis to larynx
• trachea
• Bronchus (primary secondary)
• bronchioles
• alveoli

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What constitutes the upper respiratory tract?
9.2 The upper respiratory tract

• Nasal
• Cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx

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The nasal cavity
9.2 The upper respiratory tract

• Hairs and mucus
• Capillaries
• Specialized cells act as odor receptors
• Tear glands drain into the nasal cavities that
  can lead to a runny nose

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The pharynx
9.2 The upper respiratory tract

• Funnel-shaped cavity commonly called the throat
• 3 portions based on location nasopharynx,
  oropharynx and laryngopharynx
• Tonsils provide a lymphatic defense during
  breathing at the junction of the oral cavity and
  pharynx

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The larynx
9.2 The upper respiratory tract

• Triangular, cartilaginous structure that passes
  air between the pharynx and trachea
• Called the voice box and houses vocal cords
• There are 2 mucosal folds that make up the vocal
  cords with an opening in the middle called the
  glottis

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What constitutes the lower respiratory tract?
9.3 The lower respiratory tract

• Trachea
• Bronchial tree
• Lungs

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The trachea
9.3 The lower respiratory tract

• A tube, often called the windpipe, that connects
  the larynx with the 1 bronchi
• Made of connective tissue, smooth muscle and what
  connective tissue?
• What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

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The bronchial tree
9.3 The lower respiratory tract

• Starts with two main bronchi that lead from the
  trachea into the lungs
• The bronchi continue to branch until they are
  small bronchioles about 1mm in diameter with
  thinner walls
• Bronchioles eventually lead to elongated sacs
  called alveoli

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The alveoli
9.3 The lower respiratory tract

• 300 million in the lungs that greatly increase
  surface area
• Alveoli are enveloped by blood capillaries
• Why is it advantageous for the alveoli to be made
  of a single layer of epithelium?
• Alveoli are lined with surfactant that act as a
  film to keep alveoli open

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Inspiration
9.4 Mechanism of breathing

• The diaphragm and intercostal muscles
  ______________
• The diaphragm flattens and the rib cage moves
  upward and outward
• Volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs
  _____________
• The air pressure within the lungs
  _________________
• Air flows into the lungs

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Expiration
9.4 Mechanism of breathing

• The diaphragm and intercostal muscles __________
• The diaphragm moves ________ and becomes
  dome-shaped
• The rib cage moves downward and inward
• Volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs
  ______________
• The air pressure within the lungs _____________
• Air flows out of the lungs

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Different volumes of air during breathing
9.4 Mechanism of breathing

• Tidal volume
• Vital capacity
• Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

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How is breathing controlled by the nervous system?
9.5 Control of ventilation

• Nervous control
• Respiratory control center in the brain (medulla
  oblongata) sends out nerve impulses to contract
  muscle for inspiration
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is thought to
  occur when this center stops sending out nerve
  signals

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How is breathing chemically controlled?
9.5 Control of ventilation

• Chemical control
• How does pH change when carbon dioxide increases?
• 2 sets of chemoreceptors
• Brain
• Blood

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Pulmonary exchange
9.6 Gas exchanges in the body

• Where is the higher concentration of carbon
  dioxide?
• Where is the higher concentration of oxygen?
• What direction will each gas diffuse inside the
  lungs?

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Systemic exchange
9.6 Gas exchanges in the body

• Where is the higher concentration of carbon
  dioxide?
• Where is the higher concentration of oxygen?
• What direction will each gas diffuse in the
  systemic tissues?

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Upper respiratory tract infections
9.7 Respiration and health

• Sinusitis blockage of sinuses
• Otitis media infection of the middle ear
• Tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils
• Laryngitis infection of the larynx that leads
  to loss of voice

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Lower respiratory tract disorders
9.7 Respiration and health

• Pneumonia infection of the lungs with thick,
  fluid build up
• Tuberculosis bacterial infection that leads to
  tubercles (capsules)
• Emphysema chronic, incurable disorder in which
  alveoli are damaged and thus the surface area for
  gas exchange is reduced How can this cause heart
  attack?
• Asthma bronchial tree becomes irritated causing
  breathlessness, wheezing and coughing
• Lung cancer uncontrolled cell division of
  squamous cells in the lungs

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Health focus Things you should know about
tobacco and health
9.7 Respiration and health

• All forms of tobacco cause damage
• Inactivity of cilia allow irritants to enter
  lungs
• Nicotine paralyzes cilia
• Mucus accumulates in damaged bronchioles
• Alveolar walls collapse
• Alveolar macrophages inhibited
• The 5-year survival rate for people with lung
  cancer is only 13
• Cyanide and radioactivity is derived from
  fertilizers used to grow the plants

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How to quit?

• Nicotine replacement therapy
• Prescription drugs to decrease withdrawal
  symptoms and lessen pleasure from smoking
• Plan and commit!
• Change your routine
• Exercise
• Reward your success!