The Respiratory System: Breath deeply the air of knowledge

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The Respiratory SystemBreath deeply the air of
knowledge

• Chpt 23

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Respiratory System

• Function supply body with oxygen and dispose of
  carbon dioxide

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Requirements

1. pulmonary ventilation (movement of air into and
   out of lungs)
2. external respiration (gas exchange between blood
   and lungs)
3. transport of respiratory gases (via blood)
4. internal respiration (gas exchange between blood
   and cells)

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5 Functions of the Respiratory System

1. Provides extensive gas exchange surface area
   between air and circulating blood
2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
3. Protects respiratory surfaces from outside
   environment
4. Produces sounds-speaking, singing
5. Helps maintain pH

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Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Figure 231
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Anatomy Nose

• Functions
• provides airway for respiration
• moistens and warms entering air
• filters air
• serves as a resonating chamber for speech
• houses olfactory receptors

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Mucus
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Nasal Structures

1. External nose bridge, root, dorsum nasi, apex,
   external nares, alae
2. Nasal cavity nasal septum, internal nares (aka
   posterior nares or choanae), hard palate, soft
   palate, vestibule (with sebaceous and sweat
   glands and vibrissae)
3. Mucous membranes of the nasal cavity
4. olfactory mucosa (with smell receptors)
5. respiratory mucosa- secrete sticky mucus with
   antibacterial substances
6. Conchae- superior, middle, and inferior help to
   trap particles

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Sinuses

• Paranasal sinuses
• Frontal
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid
• Maxillary
• Function to lighten skull warm and moisten the
  air

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The Nasopharynx

1. only an air passageway
2. during swallowing, closed off by the soft palate
   and uvula to prevent food from entering the nasal
   cavity
3. pseudostratified ciliated columnar
4. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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The Oropharynx

1. swallowed food and inhaled air
2. palatine lingual tonsils
3. stratified squamous

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The Laryngopharynx

1. Inferior portion of the pharynx
2. stratified squamous
3. where resp. and dig. pathways diverge

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Larynx aka voice box

• Functions
• open airway
• switching mechanism to route air and food into
  proper channels
• voice production via vocal cords

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Larynx aka voice box

• Anatomy
• 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
  (8 are hyaline)
• 9th cartilage is the epiglottis- elastic closes
  over trachea during swallowing
• Vocal folds aka true vocal cords- avascular
  vibrate as air passes through them to produce
  sound
• Medial opening between vocal folds is the glottis

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Anatomy of the Trachea
Figure 236
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Trachea aka windpipe10-12 cm long 2.5 cm diam

• Layers of tracheal wall (internal to external)
• Mucosa- pseudostr. ciliated columnar
• submucosa
• adventitia- with 16-20 rings of C-shaped hyaline
  cartilage, allowing flexibility

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Trachea aka windpipe

• 1520 tracheal cartilages
• strengthen and protect airway
• discontinuous where trachea contacts esophagus
• Ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by
• an elastic ligament and trachealis muscle
• The carina (keel) marks the point where the
  trachea splits into the 2 primary bronchi (approx
  T7).

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The Bronchial Tree

• R and L primary bronchus
• Secondary (lobar) bronchi- 3 R, 2 L
• About 20 smaller branches
• Bronchioles- less than 1 mm in diameter

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• The Respiratory Zone thin-walled alveoli
  (clustered into the alveolar sacs) where gas
  exchange occurs

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Lungs

1. apex- narrow, superior tip
2. base- concave, inferior surface on diaphragm
3. L lung 2 lobes- upper and lower separated by
   oblique fissure
4. R lung 3 lobes- upper, middle, and lower
   separated by the horizontal and oblique fissures
5. Each lung lobe is divided into 10
   bronchopulmonary segments

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Lung lobes
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Relationship between Lungs and Heart
Figure 238
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Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
Figure 238
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Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes

• 2 pleural cavities
• are separated by the mediastinum
• Each pleural cavity
• holds a lung
• is lined with a serous membrane (the pleura)

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The Pleura

• Consists of 2 layers
• parietal pleura
• visceral pleura
• Pleural fluid
• lubricates space between 2 layers

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Pleurae (membrane around the lungs)
Parts of the parietal pleura. (parietal pleura
in blue visceral pleura in purple)
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Grab a copy of the article Struggling to Inhale

• ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
• There are 2 different words for croup. List them
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• Explain how the virus that causes croup causes
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• What is a cricothyrotomy? Explain how doctors
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