Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

• Nose
• Nasal cavity space behind the nose
• Vestibular region
• Olfactory region
• Respiratory region
• Nasal septum cartilage that divides the nose
  into right and left sides
• Turbinates scroll-like bones in the respiratory
  region
• Cilia nose hairs

Why do we have nose hair?
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

• Sinuses - Cavities in the skull.
• Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity
• Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten
  the air
• Provide resonance to the voice

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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

• Pharynx
• Throat
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
• About 5 long

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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

• Epiglottis
• A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the
  larynx when food is swallowed

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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

• Larynx
• Voice Box
• Triangular chamber below pharynx
• Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis
• Also called the Adams Apple

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Can you identify the trachea?

• Trachea
• Windpipe
• Approximately 4 ½ long
• The walls are composed of alternate bands of
  membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
  
• Lined with ciliated mucous membrane

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

• At the lower end of trachea, the bronchus divide
  into right and left branches.
• As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide
  into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles.
• At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts
  and clusters of alveoli.

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

• Bronchi
• Ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
• Bronchial tubes
• Cartilaginous plates
• Bronchioles
• Thinner walls of smooth muscle
• Lined with ciliated epithelium

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

• Alveoli
• Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue
• Contain surfactant fatty substance that keeps
  the alveoli from collapsing
• Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

• The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity
• Apex
• Base
• Fit snugly over diaphragm.
• Lung tissue is porous and spongy.
• Right lung
• Larger and shorter than the left lung
• Displaced by the liver
• 3 lobes
• Left lung
• Smaller than the right side
• Displaced by the heart
• 2 lobes

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

• Pleura
• Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers
  lungsserous membrane
• Double-walled sac
• Space is pleural cavity filled with pleural
  fluid

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

• Mediastinum
• A septum or cavity between two principal portions
  of an organ.
• Contains the heart and its large vessels,
  trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and
  connective tissue
• Also called the interpleural space
• Located between the lungs
• Contains the thoracic viscera

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

• Diaphragm from the muscular system!

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Breathing

• External respiration- gas exchange in the lungs
  occurs between the blood and air in the
  atmosphere
• Internal respiration - gas exchange at the
  cellular level where oxygen goes from the blood
  stream to the cells

Exhalation
Inhalation
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Inspiration

• The part of respiration that involves air being
  taken into the lungs.
• The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward,
  sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and
  moves downward - this increases the volume of the
  lungs and air rushes in.

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Expiration

• Opposite action takes place
• Exhalation is a passive process

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Breathing

• 1 inspiration 1 expiration 1 respiration
• How many times does a normal adult breath per
  minute?

Normal of breaths an adult takes each
minute-14-20 Increases with exercise, body
temperature, certain diseases. Changes with age
newborn 40-60/min Sleep respirations
? Emotion can ? or ? respiratory rate
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Respiratory Movements

• Compare respiratory movements.
• Coughing
• Hiccups
• Sneezing
• Yawning
• Why do they occur?

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Control of breathing

• Neural Factors
• Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA
• PHRENIC NERVE stimulates the diaphragm

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Control of breathing

• Chemical Factors
• CO2 and O2 levels in the blood is sensed by the
  brain (respiratory center in brain)
• Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries
  sensitive to the amount of blood O2

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Types of breathing

• Apnea
• Dyspnea
• Eupnea
• Hyperpnea
• Orthopnea
• Tachypnea
• Hyperventilation

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Lung capacity and volume

• Tidal volume
• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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Lung capacity and volume

• Vital lung capacity
• Residual volume
• Functional residual capacity

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Lung capacity and volume

• Total lung capacity
• Tidal volume
• Inspiratory reserve
• Expiratory reserve
• Residual air

Sample
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Respiratory disorders

• COMMON COLD
• What is it? What causes it?
• Hand-washing best preventative measure

How long should you wash your hands?
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COMMON COLD

• Contagious viral respiratory infection
• Indirect causes chilling, fatigue, lack of
  proper food, and not enough sleep
• Rx Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice,
  good nutrition
• Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
• Hand washing best preventative measure

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LARYNGITIS

• Inflammation of larynx or voice box
• Often secondary to other respiratory infections
• Symptoms sore throat, hoarseness or loss of
  voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)treatment
  no talking!

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RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

• SINUSITIS
• Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus
  cavities
• Caused by bacteria or virus
• Symptoms headache or pressure, thick nasal
  discharge, loss of voice resonance
• Rx symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

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Respiratory disorders

• Asthma

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ASTHMA

• Inflammatory airway obstruction
• Caused by allergen or psychological stress
• 5 of Americans have asthma
• Symptoms difficulty exhaling, dyspnea,
  wheezing, tightness in chest
• Rx anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled
  bronchodilator

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BRONCHITIS

• Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
  trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive
  mucous
• May be acute or chronic
• Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever,
  substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)
• Chronic bronchitis middle or old age, cigarette
  smoking most common cause

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Respiratory disorders

• Bronchitis

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REPIRATORY DISORDERS

• CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
  Describes chronic lung conditions, especially
  emphysema and chronic bronchitis
• Rx alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to
  respiratory irritants, prevent infections,
  restructure activities to prevent need for O2

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EMPHYSEMA

• Alveoli becomes over dilated, lose their
  elasticity.
• May eventually rupture
• Air becomes trapped, cant exhale forced
• exhalation required
• Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2
• Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

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INFLUENZA (Flu)

• Viral infection (VIRUS) causing inflammation of
  the mucous membrane of lungs
• Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain,
  extreme exhaustion
• Complications pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media
  and pleuresy
• Rx treat the symptoms

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PNEUMONIA

• Infection of the lung
• Caused by bacteria or virus.
• Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid)
• Symptoms chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea
• Rx O2 and antibiotics

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Respiratory disorders
What can cause a pneumothorax?

• Pneumothorax collapsed lung due to air entering
  the pleural cavity

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TUBERCULOSIS

• Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has
  caused an increase in US.
• Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs
• Symptoms cough, low grade fever in the
  afternoon, weight loss, night sweats
• Diagnosis TB skin test
• If skin test positive follow up with chest
  x-ray and
• sputum sample
• Rx antibiotic

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Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system
Did you know???

• The respiratory system plays a vital role in
  homeostasis

Vitamin D- prevents respiratory disease in
newborns
Folate- prevents respiratory infections
Vitamin E- prevents common colds