Respiratory System Diseases - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 50
About This Presentation
Title:

Respiratory System Diseases

Description:

Pathophysiology By Dr:Aqeela Bano RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTIOUS DISEASES CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF PNEUMONIA Tachypnea, nasal flaring ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:898
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 51
Provided by: RobertR80
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Respiratory System Diseases


1
Respiratory System Diseases
  • Pathophysiology By DrAqeela Bano

2
Review of Anatomy Physiology
3
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
  • RESPIRATORY MUCOSA
  • lined with ciliated mucus producing cells
  • 125cc/ day
  • purifies air
  • NOSE
  • paranasal sinuses
  • frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid
  • lighten skull
  • sound resonant chambers
  • conchae (3 pairs)
  • warm humidify air
  • lacrimal ducts
  • olfactory receptors

4
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
  • PHARYNX
  • 3 parts Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
  • Tonsils(3 pairs)
  • pharyngeal (adenoids)
  • palatine
  • lingual
  • Eustachian (auditory) tubes open into nasopharynx
  • equalizes pressure between middle ear the
    outside
  • LARYNX
  • composed of pieces of cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage Adams apple
  • epiglottis glottis

5
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
  1. TRACHEA
  2. composed of C- shaped cartilaginous rings
  3. called windpipe

6
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
  • BRONCHI, BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLAR DUCT,
    ALVEOLI
  • Gas exchange occurs in alveoli
  • occurs via Passive Diffusion
  • Respiratory Membrane
  • 2 cell thick layer
  • surfactant reduces surface tension to keep
    alveoli distended
  • lining of alveolus (alveolar epithelium)
  • lining of capillary ( capillary endothelium)

7
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
8
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
  • Lungs Pleura
  • Right Lung 3 lobes Left Lung 2 lobes
  • lower part of lung resting on diaphragm Base of
    lung
  • upper part of lung under clavicle Apex of lung
  • Pleura serous membrane (i.e. secretes some
    fluid)
  • Parietal Pleura lines thoracic cavity
  • Visceral Pleura lines organs (viscera)

9
(No Transcript)
10
Respiratory System Diseases General Outline
  • INFECTIOUS DISEASES
  • Upper
  • Upper respiratory infection
  • Croup
  • Epiglottitis
  • Flu (Influenza)
  • Lower
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Pneumonia
  • TB
  • Fungal diseases

11
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES
12
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES GENERAL OUTLINE
  • 2) COPD (chronic obstr. pulm. dis)
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • 3) Restrictive lung diseases
  • Chest wall abnormalities
  • Connective tissue abnormalities
  • Pneumoconioses
  • 4) Obstructive lung diseases
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Cancer
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Asthma

13
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES GENERAL OUTLINE
  • 5) Vascular disorders
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • 6) Expansion disorders
  • Atelectasis
  • Pleural effusion
  • Pneumothorax
  • Resp. distress syndrome
  • Infant
  • adult

14
Manifestations of Pulmonary Disease
  • Sneezing reflex response to irritation of upper
    respiratory tract
  • Coughing reflex response to irritation of lower
    respiratory tract
  • Sputum production
  • If yellowish- green ------ infection
  • If rusty ------- blood pus pneumococcal
    pneumonia
  • If bloody , called hemoptysis ---- usually
    frothy --- seen in pulm. Edema
  • Also seen in pulm. TB cancer
  • Large amounts foul bronchiectasis
  • Thick sticky asthma, cystic fibrosis

15
Manifestations of Pulmonary Disease
  • Breathing patterns
  • Labored (dyspnea) , wheezing, stridor
  • Breath sounds
  • Normal, rales, rhonchi, decreased breath
    sounds
  • Dyspnea --- discomfort feeling when cant get
    enough air
  • Orthopnea dyspnea lying down
  • Cyanosis --- not a reliable early indicator of
    hypoxia

16
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
  • Definition
  • Acute inflammatory process that affects
  • mucus membrane of the upper respiratory
  • tract
  • Includes one or more of the following
  • Problems
  • Rhinitis also called Coryza
  • Pharyngitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Sinusitis

17
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
  • S/S low-grade fever, malaise, sore throat,
    discharge
  • Incubation period short ----- 2-3 days
  • As a rule bacterial diseases short incubation
  • viral diseases long
    incubation except URIs
  • Etiology over 200 different viruses have been
    implicated, can get secondary bacterial
    infection.
  • Tx symptomatic

18
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
19
  • INFLUENZA
  • 1) Viral types---- A,B, C
  • .They mutate constantly thus preventing effective
    immune defense for prolonged time periods
  • 2) Short incubation ---- 3 days
  • Distinguishing features from simple URI
  • High fever in flu (usually lasts 4-5 days)
  • Flu gives both an upper a lower resp.
    tract infections at the same time, whereas URI
    just gives upper tract infection
  • Death may result from pneumonia

20
LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTIOUS DISEASES
21
Pneumonia
  • Definition
  • It is an inflammatory process of the lung
    parenchyma that is commonly caused by infectious
    agents.

22
Classification of pneumonia
  • According to causes
  • Bacterial (the most common cause of pneumonia)
  • Viral pneumonia
  • Fungal pneumonia
  • Chemical pneumonia (ingestion of kerosene or
    inhalation of irritating substance)
  • Inhalation pneumonia (aspiration pneumonia)

23
Classification of pneumonia
  • According to areas involved
  • Lobar pneumonia if one or more lobe is involved
  • Broncho-pneumonia the pneumonic process has
    originated in one or more bronchi and extends to
    the surrounding lung tissue.

24
(No Transcript)
25
RADIOLOGIC IMAGE OF BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
26
RADIOLOGIC IMAGE OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
27
Mode of transmission
  • WAYS YOU CAN GET PNEUMONIA INCLUDE
  • Bacteria and viruses living in your nose,
    sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs.
  • You may breathe some of these germs directly into
    your lungs (droplets infection).
  • You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit, or
    fluids from the mouth into your lungs (aspiration
    pneumonia).

28
Predisposing factors
  • 1. Immuno-suppresed patients
  • 2. Cigarette smoking
  • 3. Difficult swallowing (due to stroke,
    dementia,parkinsons disease, or other
    neurological conditions)
  • 4. Impaired consciousness ( loss of brain
    function due to dementia, stroke, or other
    neurological conditions)

29
Predisposing factors
  • 5. Chronic lung disease (COPD, bronchostasis)
  • 6. Frequent suction
  • 7. Other serious illness such as heart disease,
    liver cirrhosis, and DM
  • 8. Recent cold, laryngitis or flu.

30
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PNEUMONIA
31
(No Transcript)
32
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF PNEUMONIA
  • Shaking chills
  • Rapidly rising fever ( 39.5 to 40.5 degree)
  • Stabbing chest pain aggravated by respiration and
    coughing

33
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF PNEUMONIA
  • Tachypnea, nasal flaring
  • Patient is very ill and lies on the affected side
    to decrease pain
  • Use of accessory muscles of respiration e.g.
    abdomen and intercostals muscles

34
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS..
  • Cough with purulent, blood tinged, rusty sputum
  • Shortness of breath
  • Flushed cheeks
  • Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue
  • Cyanosed lips and nail beds

35
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR PNEUMONIA
  • History taking
  • Physical examination
  • Chest x-ray
  • Blood test
  • Sputum culture

36
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMONIA
  • Antibiotic, depending on sputum and blood culture
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Chest physiotherapy

37
NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR PNEUMONIA
  • Maintain a patent airway and adequate oxygenation
  • Obtain sputum specimens as needed.
  • Use suction if the patient cant produce a
    specimen.
  • perform chest physiotherapy.

38
NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR PNEUMONIA
  • Provide a high calorie, high protein diet of soft
    foods.
  • To prevent aspiration during nasogastric tube
    feedings, check the position of tube, and
    administer feedings slowly.
  • To control the spread of infection, dispose
    secretions properly.

39
NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR PNEUMONIA
  • Provide a quiet, calm environment, with frequent
    rest periods.
  • Monitor the patients ABG levels, especially if
    hes hypoxic.
  • Assess the patients respiratory status.
    Auscultate breath sounds at least every 4 hours.

40
NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR PNEUMONIA
  • Monitor fluid intake and output.
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of administered
    medications.
  • Explain all procedures to the patient and family.

41
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
  • Frequent turning of bed ridden patients and early
    ambulation as much as possible.
  • Coughing and breathing techniques.
  • Sterilization of respiratory therapy equipment
  • Suctioning of secretion in the unconscious who
    have poor cough and swallowing reflexes, to
    prevent aspiration of secretions and its
    accumulation.

42
COMPLICATIONS
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
  • Pleural effusion
  • Lung abscesses
  • Respiratory failure (which requires mechanical
    ventilator)
  • Sepsis, which may lead to organ failure

43
BRONCHITIS
  • LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

44
BRONCHITIS
  • DEFINITION
  • Bronchitis is defined as the inflammation
    or infection of bronchi and bronchioles.
  • Depending on the duration of disease , it
    can be
  • 1. Acute (lasts for few days)
  • 2. Chronic (for prolonged time)

45
BRONCHITIS
  • CAUSES FOR ACUTE TYPE
  • 1. Viral infections 90
  • Influenza virus A,B ,adenovirus ,
    respiratory syncytial virus.
  • 2. Bacterial infections 10
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae, streptococcus
    pneumoniae

46
BRONCHITIS
  • PREDISPOSING FACTORS
  • Chronic sinusitis
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Asthma
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Smoking and second hand smoke.
  • Alcoholism

47
BRONCHITIS
  • Clinical manifestations
  • SYMPTOMS
  • History of dry or productive cough 5- 10 days
  • Body aches
  • Chest pain on coughing
  • Soar throat

48
BRONCHITIS
  • SIGNS
  • Mild to moderate fever
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Increased heart rate
  • Wheezing on auscultation

49
BRONCHITIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • Goals of management are
  • To releive the symptoms
  • To prevent the Pneumonia
  • Treatment
  • Symptomatic treatment to relieve the pain, fever
    and cough
  • Increase the rest time
  • Increase the hydration(8-10 glasses of water)
  • Avoid the aggravating factors

50
(No Transcript)
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com