Kingdom Plantae

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Kingdom Plantae

• BSC 2011C Fund of Bio II
• Spring 2007 J. Laborda

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Introduction

• Botany
• Importance of the Plant Kingdom
• It provides a majority of our food
• It provides a majority of our energy
• Plants produce some of our oxygen
• Plants provide a variety of products
• Plants are also important to us in a sort of
  spiritual way, a source of beauty, comfort,
  relaxation, etc

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Introduction

• Basic Plant Kingdom Information
• Cellular Structure
• Eucaryotic
• Most contain tissues
• Cell walls are present
• Most have chlorophyll (green) and other pigments
  within an organelle called a plastid

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Introduction

• Basic Plant Kingdom Information (cont)
• Reproduction
• They reproduce sexually, though many also have
  forms of asexual reproduction

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Introduction

• Three Major Plant Groups
• The kingdom is currently divided into 10 phyla
• See Appendix D in Campbell/Reece text
• These 10 phyla can be placed into three major
  groups
• Nonvascular plants
• Vascular plants without seeds
• Vascular plants with seeds

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Introduction

• Three Major Plant Groups (cont)
• Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)
• Lack vascular tissues
• There are currently three phyla in this group
• Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)
• Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
• Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

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Introduction

• Three Major Plant Groups (cont)
• Vascular plants without seeds
• A seed contains a young plant and stored food
  inside a protective seed coat
• There are currently two phyla in this group
• Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes)
• Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

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Introduction

• Three Major Plant Groups (cont)
• Vascular plants with seeds (contains two
  sub-groups)
• Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms)
• Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)
• Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
• Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
• Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)
• Flowering plants (Angiosperms)
• Phylum Anthophyta

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Plant Classification

• Nonvascular Plants
• At one time all nonvascular plants were
  classified in phylum bryophyta
• The word bryophyta means moss plant
• This group (nonvascular plants) contains the
  mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and
  hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
• Epiphytes

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Mosses
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Moss
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Moss
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Moss
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Plant Classification

• Nonvascular Plants (cont)
• Life cycle of a moss
• It illustrates alternation of generations
• The two generations (act of producing) are
• Gametophyte generation - multicellular haploid
  form that mitotically produces haploid gametes
  that unite and grow into the sporophyte
  generation
• Sporophyte generation the multicellular diplid
  form that results from a union of gametes and
  that meiotically produces haploid spores that
  grow into the gametophyte generation

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Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss
(layer 3)
Page 581
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
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Antheridia
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Archegonia
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Young sporophyte
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Plant Classification

• Nonvascular Plants (cont)
• Economic importance of the nonvascular plants
  (bryophytes)???

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Plant Classification

• Vascular Plants Without Seeds
• These are plants with vascular tissues for
  transporting water and minerals throughout the
  plant
• This group (vascular plants w/o seeds) contains
  the lycophytes (Lycophyta), ferns, horsetails,
  whisk ferns (Pterophyta)
• Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes)
• Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk
  ferns)

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Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)
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Ferns (pterophtes true ferns ?filicinophytes?)
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Horsetails (pterophtes ?sphenophytes?)
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Whisk ferns - pterophtes (?psilophytes?)
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Plant Classification

• Vascular Plants Without Seeds (cont)
• They do not produce seeds, but rather spores
• Spores are a single cell with a protective coat

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• The life cycle of a fern

Sporangia release spores. Most fern
species produce a single type of spore that gives
rise to a bisexual gametophyte.
The fern spore develops into a
small, photosynthetic gametophyte.
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2
Although this illustration shows an egg and
sperm from the same gametophyte, a variety of
mechanisms promote cross-fertilization between
gametophytes.
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridium
Page 585
Young gametophyte
Spore
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
Sperm
Archegonium
Mature sporophyte
Egg
New sporophyte
Zygote
Sporangium
FERTILIZATION
Sorus
On the underside of the sporophytes reprodu
ctive leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is
a cluster of sporangia.
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Fern sperm use flagella to swim from the
antheridia to eggs in the archegonia.
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Gametophyte
A zygote develops into a new sporophyte,
and the young plant grows out from an
archegonium of its parent, the gametophyte.
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Fiddlehead
Figure 29.12
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Fern Antheridium
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Fern Archegonium
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Plant Classification

• Vascular Plants With Seeds
• Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms)
• The seeds of a gymnosperm are not enclosed in an
  ovary
• They lie on tiny shelves
• Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)
• Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
• Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
• Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)

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Plant Classification

• Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont)
• Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Coniferophyta
• Several families of conifers in this phylum
• Pine family pines, cedars, spruces, furs
• Cypress family cypresses junipers
• Yew family yews
• Redwood family redwoods, sequoias, bald
  cypresses (have needles instead of scales like
  the Cypress Family)

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The Life Cycle of a Pine
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Plant Classification

• Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont)
• Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
• e.g., Sago palm female pic above right, see p.
  594 for a great pic of a male cycad
• About 130 species left todaymuch more diverse in
  the past

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Plant Classification

• Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont)
• Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgos)
• Ginkgo biloba is the only extant species
• Male female plants are separate, females put
  out a real bad smell
• Males are prized as an ornamental
• The fan-shaped leaves turn gold in autumn

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Ginkgo biloba
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Plant Classification

• Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont)
• Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) (only 3 families)
• EPHEDRACEAE
• Ephedra 40 species. Europe to China, Mexico and
  US, S. America.
• GNETACEAE
• Gnetum 28 species. Indomalesia, amazonian S.
  America, tropical W. Africa.
• WELWITSCHIACEAE
• Welwitschia One species (W. mirabilis) of Angola
  and SW Africa.

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Ephedra viridis
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Ephedra sinica
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Gnetum
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Welwitschia mirabilis
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Plant Classification

• Vascular Plants With Seeds
• Flowering plants (Angiosperms)
• Seeds enclosed in an ovary
• Only one phylum P. Anthophyta
• Mature ovary called a fruit
• E.g., oranges, tomatoes, corn kernels, pea pods
• Only one phylum Phylum Anthophyta

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Fruits
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Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
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Generic Flower
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Plant Classification

• Vascular Plants With Seeds
• Flowering plants (Angiosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Anthophyta divided into two classes
• Class Monocotyledoneae (monocots)
• Class Eudicotyledonae (eudicots) (the old
  Dicotyledonae dicots) see p. 602-603

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Monocot
Eudicot - Dicot
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Monocot fibrous Eudicot tap
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Monocot pollen
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Plant Anatomy

• Introduction
• Plant parts can be termed as woody or
  herbaceous
• Woody parts
• Herbaceous parts
• Whole plants can be termed as woody or
  herbaceous
• Herbaceous plants
• Woody plants

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Plant Anatomy

• Plant Organs
• Vegetative organs
• Reproductive organs

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Plant Anatomy

• Plant Tissues
• Meristematic tissues all one type of cells able
  to carry on mitosis
• Apical meristem
• Lateral meristem
• Vascular tissues made of more than one type of
  cell. They conduct water and dissolved materials
• Xylem carries water and dissolved ions from the
  roots to stems and leaves
• Phloem carries dissolved sugars from the leaves
  to all other parts of the plant

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Plant Anatomy

• Plant Tissues (cont)
• Structural tissues tissues that carry on
  photosynthesis and/or form the structural parts
  of plants
• E.g., Epidermis (covers protects) in more
  herbaceous plants
• E.g., Periderm Cork tissues (protects,
  waterproofs) replaces epidermis in woody plants

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Plant Anatomy

• The Leaf
• Probably two most important functions
• Trapping energy of sun
• Photosynthesis (production of sugars)

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Plant Anatomy

• The Leaf (cont)
• Cuticle
• Epidermis
• Chloroplasts
• Stomata w/guard cells

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Falling Leaves

• Deciduous Trees
• Have an abscission layer at base of petiole
• Leaf scar
• Loss of green color due to lack of water to
  leaves during death of abscission layerless
  bountiful colors will show through as result
• Some colors, such as red, blues, violets only are
  produced when temps around 40 degrees
• Some species do not produce other pigmentsso
  when chlorophyll is lacking, they appear brown
  due to the tannic acid in all trees

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Falling Leaves

• Evergreens
• Most coniferous trees do not lose leaves till
  Spring when new leaves have already grownthus
  appear always green

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Plant Growth Time Factors

• Annual plants
• Sprout, grow, flower, and produce seeds in one
  growing season
• Most herbaceous plants are annuals
• Biennial plants
• Sprout grow in first growing season
• Flowers produces seeds in second growing season
• Perennial plants
• Grows year after year
• Most woody plants are perennials
• Some herbaceous plants are perennials

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The Root

• Functions of Roots
• Anchoring
• Absorption
• Transportation
• Food Storage

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The Root

• Root Systems
• Taproot system (e.g., carrots, oak trees)
• Fibrous root system
• Adventitious roots arising from stems

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The Root

• Growth of a Root
• Longitudinal section of a root tip
• Root cap
• Meristematic region
• Elongation region
• Maturation region

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The Root

• Growth of a Root
• Primary tissues (made during the primary growth
  of a root)
• Epidermis
• Cortex
• Endodermis
• Vascular tissues
• Vascular cylinder in eudicots
• Spread out in monocots

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The Root

• Growth of a Root
• Primary tissues (made during the primary growth
  of a root)
• Vascular tissues (cont)
• Xylem
• Phloem
• Cambium
• Pericycle

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The Stem

• Functions of Stems
• Manufacture and display leaves
• Conduct materials to leaves for photosynthesis
  and growth, and to roots for growth
• Most carry on photosynthesis when young, and a
  few as adults (e.g., cacti)

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The Stem

• External Anatomy of a Stem
• Bud scales
• Apical bud (terminal bud)
• Lateral bud
• Internode
• Bud scale scars
• Leaf scar
• Lenticels

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End of Plant Unit

• Some additional material covered in lab