Kingdom Plantae AP BIOLOGY

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Kingdom PlantaeAP BIOLOGY
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Why are Plants needed?

• What are some characteristics of the kingdom
  Plantae?

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Describe a plants life cycle.
What do plants need in order to survive?
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• 50-90 of all photosynthesis
• Most live in water
• Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
• Green algae are in the phylum Chlorophyta
• Ancestor of green plants
• Ex. Chlmydomonas

Algae
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Alternation of Generations
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• Gametophyte is the dominant generation
• Single celled Chlorophyta are considered
  protists.
• Multicellular Chlorophyta are plants. Ex. Ulva
  and spirogyra

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Phylum Bryophyta

• Nonvascular plants
• Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
• First land plants
• Tied to water for reproduction
• Gametophyte is dominant. Sporophyte grows from
  the top of the gametophyte.
• Male reproductive structure-antheridia
• Female- archegonium

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Phylum Pteridophyta

• Ferns
• Dominant generation is the sporophyte
• They lack seeds
• Reproduction occurs by spores spreading

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Horsetails Ferns
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The Origin of Vascular Plants- Requirements

• Seeds for reproduction- protect the developing
  embryo.
• Vascular tissue- xylem carries water and phloem
  carries products of photosynthesis
• Phylum Tracheophyta- gymnosperms and angiosperms

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Ferns

• Leaves are called fronds
• Spores are under the frond in the sorus
• Attached to ground by the rhizome and rhizoids,
  which are root like structures
• Dominant generation is the sporophyte

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Lifecycle of a fern
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Tracheophytes are divided into gymnosperms and
angiosperms

• The seeds of gymnosperms(conifers, cycads, and
  ginkos), are called naked seeds. Seeds are on
  the cones of conifers. Male cones are smaller
  than female cones and usually occur on the same
  tree. Males have microsporangia and females have
  megasporangia.

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Flower whorls
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Angiosperms are flowering plants

• Gametocyte is found in the flower.
• The flower is made of layers.
• Outermost whorl of a flower is called the sepal.
  It encloses and protects a developing flower.
• Second whorl forms the flower petals.
• 3rd whorl forms the male gamete.

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• The male gamete is made of a filament and an
  anther containing pollen. It is called the
  stamen.
• 4) The 4th whorl is the female gamete. It is
  called the pistil or carpel. The pistil has a
  sticky top called a stigma, and tube for the
  pollen to travel through called the style, and
  the ovule in the ovary. When pollination occurs,
  the seeds are covered with a seed coat for
  protection.

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• The ovary develops into a fruit to nourish the
  embyro. It also aids in seed dispersal.
• Seed dispersal occurs through wind, water, or
  animals(vector). The ripe fruit eaten by
  animals, helps seeds become dispersed.

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Coevolution-plants and animals evolved together.
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Major divisions of angiosperms

• Dicots
• Branching veins in leaves
• Petals in 4s or 5s
• Vascular bundles in rings in stems
• Vascular bundles arranged in X in roots
• Stems thicken from year to year

• Monocots
• Veins in leaves are parallel
• Flower parts of 3s
• Vascular bundles scattered in stem
• Vascular bundles alternate in circle in root
• Stems dont get thicker from year to year

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3 categories of plant life spans

• Annuals- have to be planted every year. Ex. Corn,
  petunias
• Biennials- 2 year cycles. Ex. Carrots. The
  carrot will grow in one year. It takes 2 years
  for seeds to form.
• Perennials-grow for many years. Ex. Holly

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Plants
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Fertilization in angiosperms

• Double fertilization
• 1 sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote
• The other fertilizes 2 polar bodies in the embryo
  sac to form an endosperm. The endosperm is rich
  in food to nourish the embryo.

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Plant organs

• Dermal tissue- outer covering with a waxy cuticle
• Vascular tissue- conducts
• Ground tissue- anything that isnt dermal or
  vascular. Surrounding vascularcortex
• Inside vascularpith

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Plant tissues

• Roots, stems, and leaves needed to live on land.
• Vascular tissue is xylem and phloem
• Veins are arranged into vascular bundles.
• Meristematic tissue is the only plant tissue that
  divides by mitosis.

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Plant cells

• Parenchyma cells- most abundant metabolism
• Collenchyma- support growing parts of plants
• Schlerenchyma- dead support
• Xylem and phloem

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Vascular Tissue

• Xylem- made of vessel elements, which are wide
  and must die before they conduct water, and
  tracheids, which are long and narrow and also
  must die to work.
• Phloem- made of sieve tube elements with many
  holes in them and companion cells, which surround
  and control sieve tube elements. Sugars move from
  the sugar source to the sugar sink by diffusion.

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Types of Meristematic Tissue

• Apical meristem-allows trees to grow taller
• Cork cambian- allows stems to thicken
• Vascular cambian- allows new vascular tissue to
  form.
• Pericycle- allows roots to grow.

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Phloem cells
Xylem cells
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Plant Classification

• Bryophyta- mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
• Pteridophyta- ferns and horsetails.
• Coniferophyta- conifers. Cycadophyta- cycads.
  Ginkophyta- ginkos
• Angiospermophyta, class Monocotyledoneae (irises,
  lillies, corn, wheat, bananas, etc) and class
  Dicotyledoneae (trees, shrubs, and most fruit
  trees)

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Natural Perspective Dicots (Class Dicotyledoneae)
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Roots

• Taproots- long, thick primary root with tiny
  roots hairs. Found in oak and hickory trees,
  carrots, dandelion, beets, and radishes.
• Fibrous roots- Found in grasses and many trees.
• Roots have 3 tissue layers- 1) Epidermis-
  outermost. 2) Cortex- transports water and
  nutrients inward. 3) vascular cylinder- contains
  xylem and phloem.

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• 4 root tip sections
• Root cap- protects the root and secretes CO2,
  which forms carbonic acid. This acid dissolves
  soil and allows the root to push through the soil
• Meristematic region- growth/mitosis
• Region of elongation- meristematic cells form
  this region, where root cells increase in length,
  new protoplasm forms, and vacuoles get larger.

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• 4) Zone of maturation- differentiation occurs,
  forming the mature tissues, xylem, phloem, and
  the root hairs.

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Leaf cross section
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Leaves

• Cuticle- waxy layer. Keeps water from
  evaporating.
• Epidermis- thin layer that light passes through
• Palisade mesophyll- columnar cells with
  chloroplasts for photosythesis.
• Spongy mesophyll- loose layer of cells that
  photosynthesis occurs in. CO2 can move through
  this layer.

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More of the leaf

• Xylem and phloem take water and minerals into
  the leaf and nutrients out.
• Stoma (stomata) open and close to let CO2 in and
  O2 out of the leaf. It has to balance the need
  for CO2 with the cost of water loss. Guard cells
  control the opening and closing of stomata.

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• Water moves in through the root hairs, through
  the epidermis and cortex. A Casparian strip
  divides the cortex and vas. Cylinder. Once water
  moves through the Cas. Strip, it cant move back
  out. This is called root pressure and is one way
  that water moves through a plant.

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Water movement in plants

1. Root pressure- moves water a short distance.
2. Capillary action- combination of adhesion and
   cohesion. Short distances only.
3. Transpirational pull- as water evaporates through
   the leaves, more water moves into those cells by
   osmosis. This can pull water up a tall tree.

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Stems

• Stems hold leaves up to the sun and conduct
  substances between roots and leaves.

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Plant Hormones

1. Auxins- produced in the apical meristem and move
   downward. They stimulate cell elongation. They
   are also responsible for response to gravity.
   Roots grow downward, stems grow upwards. Auxins
   inhibit growth of lateral buds.
2. Cytokinins- stimulate cell division and the
   growth of lateral buds, and cause dormant seeds
   to sprout. Root growth.

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• Gibberellins- produce dramatic increases in
  size, particularly in stems and fruits. Seed
  germination, fruit development, and leaf growth.
• Ethylene- in response to auxins, fruit tissues
  release small amounts of this gas. This in turn
  stimulates the fruit to ripen.
• Absisic acid- inhibits growth and promotes
  dormancy.

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Photoperiodism

• It is responsible for the timing of seasonal
  activities such as flowering and growth.
• Some plants are short-day plants, some are
  long-day plants. Some flowers open in the day,
  others only at night.

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Plant responses

• Tropisms- response to external stimuli. There
  are several types.
• Gravitropism- roots grow down(positive
  gravitropism) and shoots grow up(negative).
• Phototropism- plants grow towards light.
• Thigmotropism-response to touch. Some will have
  their growth stunted, some will twist to avoid
  touch, others will grow tendrils into an object.

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Soil Profiles
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SOIL

• A mixture of sand, silt, clay, and bits of
  decaying animal and plant tissue.
• Humus- dead plants and animals
• Topsoil- made of humus, sand, clay, and minerals.
  Lots of air spaces.
• Subsoil- mixture of rocks and inorganic soil
  particles. There is little air here.
• Bedrock- solid, cant be penetrated by plant
  roots.

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Essential Nutrients

• Plants need carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic
  nutrients to grow.
• The most important inorganic nutrients are
  nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and
  other trace elements.
• For example nitrogen is needed for leaf growth
  and color. Phosphorus is needed for making DNA,
  roots, stems, flowers, and seeds.

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Reproduction in angiosperms

• One pollen grain joins with the egg to form an
  embryo.
• Another pollen grain joins with the polar nuclei
  to form the endosperm. The endosperm gives
  nutrients and moisture to the embryo until it
  germinates.

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Reprodction of Seed Plants
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Plant propagation and agriculture

• Cuttings
• Grafting
• Budding
• All of these allow plants to grow without
  fertilization.

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Fertilization and seed dispersal

• Both can occur by wind, water, and animals(
  vector)
• Fertilization is transfer of sperm or pollen to
  eggs.
• Seed dispersal is dispersal of seeds away from
  the parent plant for growth. This prevents
  competition with the parent for nutrients,
  sunlight, and water.

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THE END
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AP Additions

• Stems are made of nodes (point of leaf
  attachment) and internodes (between nodes)
• Axillary buds form between the node and stem and
  may form branches
• Terminal bud is at the top of a stem
• Leaves are made of blades (flat) and petioles
  (where leaves join the stem)

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Tissue types in the leaf, stem, and root

• Dermal tissue- single layer that covers the plant
• Vascular tissue- xylem and phloem
• Ground tissue- anything that isnt dermal or
  vascular. Internally to vascular tissue-pith.
  External to vascular tissue- cortex

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3 cell types

1. Parenchyma- photosynthesis and other metabolism
2. Collenchyma cells- grouped in cylinders for
   support.
3. Schlerenchyma- fibers for support on non-growing
   parts of plants.

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Tree Bark

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Terms

• Turgor pressure- pressure exerted against the
  cell wall when the plant is full of water.
• Aquaporins- protein channels for the passage of
  water between plant cells.
• Tonoplast- membrane surrounding the large central
  vacuole.
• Epiphytes- plants that grow on other plants (not
  parasitic).

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More terms

• Monoecious- having male and female reproductive
  structures on the same plant. This may occur in
  some animals.
• Dioecious- having separate organisms for each sex
  (male and female).
• Microsporocytes or microsporangia- male cells
• Megasporocyte or megasporangia- female cells.