Kingdom Plantae

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Kingdom Plantae
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• Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of
  plants.
• Invasion of plants occurred about 430 million
  years ago

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• Characteristics of Plants
• cell walls composed of cellulose
• eukaryotes
• autotroph
• multicellular
• Survival NEEDS
• sunlight
• gas exchange
• water minerals
• movement of water and nutrients

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Land Adaptations
Evolutionary trends in plants involved moving
from water to land.

• to move from water to land, plants had to
  adapt
• systems that would support their weight lignin
  strengthens cell walls to support growth
• underground absorptive structure roots
• above ground shoot system stem, leaves
• development of vascular tissue to transport water
  nutrients
• prevent water loss with the cuticle and stomata
• male gametes (pollen grains) could be dispersed
  without water and the evolution of the seed

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Classification is based on
Nonvascular or Vascular Tissue (xylem or phloem) Reproduction produce seeds (embryo) or spores (reproductive cell) Compare DNA sequences
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Plant ORGANS -

• STEMS
• to produce leaves, branches flowers
• to transport water nutrients
• to store nutrients

• LEAVES
• site of photosynthesis
• site of gas exchange
• site of transpiration

• ROOTS
• anchor plant in ground
• absorb water nutrients

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• TROPISMS
• Plants adjust the direction and rate of growth in
  response to environmental stimuli
• Gravitropism a growth response to gravitational
  forces
• Phototropism when stems/leaves adjust the rate
  and direction of growth in response to light
• Thigmotropism plants shift a direction of growth
  as they contact objects

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How do plants control their growth in response to
environmental stimuli?

• Most plants do this by way of chemical messengers
  known as hormones.
• A hormone is a chemical that is produced in one
  part of an organism and transferred to another
  part to affect the activities of that part of the
  plant.

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Types of Hormones

• AUXINS responsible for regulating growth by
  stimulating the elongation of cells.
• ABSCISIC ACID Inhibits plant growth during
  times of stress, such as cold temperatures or
  drought.
• GIBBERELLINS - growth hormones that cause plants
  to grow taller.

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Can plants DEFEND themselves?

• Mechanical defense -incorporated into the
  physical structure of the organism. -- thorns,
  spines and stiff hairs that repel a predator
• Chemical defense - occurs when the plant produces
  stinging sensations, paralysis, poisoning, or
  just a bad taste.
• Camouflage - the organism blends into its
  environment or appear to be something they are
  not

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Which one is poisonous and which one is harmless?

• Queen Annes Lace

• Water Hemlock

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Two classes of angiosperms .Monocots and Dicots