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Social Survey Research III:

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Title: Social Survey Research III:


1
Lecture 5.
  • Social Survey Research III
  • Other Techniques Of Quantitative Data Collection
    And Generation Secondary Data, Experiments And
    Social Indicators
  • Leah Wild

2
Overview
  • Questionnaire Design Response Format
  • Pilot Questionnaires
  • Using Existing Sets of Questions Secondary Data
    Sets
  • Data Collection and Experimental Design
  • Social Indicators
  • Society at a Glance OECD Social Indicators 2002
    Study
  • BCS

3
Questionnaire Design Response Format Intensity
scales. A good way of writing closed-ended
questionnaire items is to measure peoples
attitudes and opinions with intensity scales. A
commonly used one is the Likert scale, a scaling
technique designed by Rensis Likert in 1932. It
typically makes use of a 1 to 5 rating scale
where 1 is strongly agree, 2 is somewhat
agree, 3 is neutral, 4 is somewhat
disagree and 5 is strongly disagree
4
Pilot Questionnaires And Interview Schedules
  • Clarity Check
  • Adequacy of Instructions Check
  • Gain Experience In Asking Questions (i.e.
    Interview Schedules)

5
Secondary Data.
  • secondary data as any information that has not
    been generated personally (first-hand) by the
    researcher who uses it.
  • highly quantified sources -statistics
  • to the more qualitative -personal documents and
    diaries, government and business reports and the
    mass media.
  • can be contemporary or historical.
  • saving of time, money and effort.
  • use of secondary sources may be a necessity if
    historical and / or comparative research is being
    carried-out.

6
Problems with Secondary Data
  • Authenticity
  • Credibility
  • Representativeness
  • Meaning (literal and metaphorical)
  • Purpose
  • (Scott 1990. Documents in Social Research
    Social Studies Review, 1990)

7
Reasons to Use Secondary Data.
  • Availability.
  • Examination of trends / changes over time.
  • Comparisons.
  • Before" and "after" studies.
  • (Bilton et al 1997)

8
USING META-DATA.
  • Traditionally
  • metadata has been understood as Data about Data
    - an integral part of the dataset.
  • Metadata can include such items as
  • Questionnaires
  • a keyword list of names and items
  • a record of how the data were collected
  • an inventory of related data and publications
  • information on principal investigators
  • geographical coverage.
  • Metadata is important as it provides essential
    information on the use and interpretation of
    information contained in a data file. It outlines
    what datasets are available, where they can be
    found, what format they are in, how they should
    be used, and can provide a permanent record in
    catalogues and search facilities of the resources
    that are available.

9
Data Collection Secondary Data Sets
  • British Household Panel Survey (longitudinal)
  • 5,500 Households,
  • 10,000 Individual interviewees
  • 75 response rate
  • Focus is on social and economic change at
    individual and household level
  • Topics include
  • Income
  • Employment
  • Housing
  • health
  • Attitudes.

10
Labour Force Survey
  • 1973 Onwards
  • Up to 60,000 households
  • 80 response rate
  • Topics include
  • Employment
  • Education and Training,
  • Health and Disabilities

11
General Household Survey
  • Annual since 1971 (except 97-98 and 99-00)
  • 10,000 households, 25,000 people
  • 72 response rate
  • Topics include
  • household and family information
  • housing tenure and household accommodation
  • consumer durables including vehicle ownership
  • employment
  • education
  • health and use of health services
  • smoking and drinking
  • family information including marriage,
    cohabitation and fertility
  • income
  • demographic information about household members
    including migration.

12
British Crime survey
  • a 'victimisation' survey,
  • experiences of property crimes and personal
    crimes
  • provides a record of the experience of crime
  • unaffected by variations in the behaviour of
    victims about reporting
  • Unaffected by variations in police
    procedure/practice
  • Between 1982- 2001 biennial. From 2001 annual.
  • Target population All households in England and
    Wales
  • Sampling unit People aged 16 or over living in
    private household.
  • Design/selection of sample Stratified random
    sample of postcode sectors. One quarter sector
    selected at random. Interviews conducted at
    address
  • Size20,000 respondents in BCS (2000) core
    sample, plus 4,000 ethnic minority booster
    sample.
  • Enlarged sample size in 2001. 40,000 core sample
  • Core crime counting questions remain unchanged
    since first sweep (1982). Other questions asked
    on ad hoc basis. Moved to CAPI /CASI 1994.

13
Data Collection and Experimental Design
  • When interested in understanding how the
    manipulation of a variable can explain specific
    outcomes on another variable, experiments can
    also be used.
  • Experimental Group
  • Some treatment is conducted on the subjects of
    the experimental group and measures its effects
    in comparison to another group.
  • Control Group
  • Control group might not receive any treatment or
    it might receive a different kind of treatment

14
Social Indicators
  • Society At A Glance OECD Social Indicators 2002
    Study
  • Context Indicators illustrate national
    differences in social trends and social status
  • Response Indicators. Four areas of social policy
    have been operationalised
  • Self-sufficiency
  • Equity
  • Health
  • Social Cohesion

15
  • UK official statistics www.statistics.gov.uk
  • UN statistics www.un.org/depts/unsd/global.htm
  • OECD statistics www.oecd.org/statistics
  • EU statistics europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/
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