Bioindication important instrument for understanding of pollution load in forests close to nature'

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Bioindication important instrument for
understanding of pollution load in forests
close to nature.

• Ing. Blanka Mankovská, DrSc.
• Forest Research Institute, Zvolen

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Introduction

• A basis for the existence of forests close to
  nature is knowing air pollution. Biomonitoring
  methods have been an integral part of air
  pollution for many years. They complement
  instrumental methods as the organisms used give
  additional information on the aerial input of
  pollutants to ecosystems and possible pollutant
  impact. The use of mosses, foliage of forest tree
  species, wood, insects and wildlife as
  biomonitoring species is a well-established
  method.

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Objectives

•  Making diagnosis of the negative impact of
  air pollutants on some components of forest
  ecosystem was aimed at several factors
• To diagnose the effect of air pollutants on
  the basis of knowing the concentrations of
  elements in the samples of biological material.
• To find out concentration of elements in the
  air of Slovakia by means of mosses, foliage and
  wood analyses.
• To monitor penetration of fluorine and heavy
  metals into insect populations.
• To compare concentrations of F, Pb, Cd and Hg
  in separate organs of forest game living in
  industrial areas and in control areas.

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Materials

• Forest tree foliage (P. abies, P. sylvestris, A.
  alba, F. sylvatica and Quercus sp.) -3063 PMP
  (permanent monitoring plots).
• Mosses (Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium
  splendens and Dicranum scoparium) 111 PMP.
• Lime wood - Central Spi.
• Wildlife - the surroundings of aluminium plant
  in iar nad Hronom, electric power station ENO
  Zemianske Kostolany, plant for the production of
  ferrous alloys in Orava region, from the part of
  the High Tatra Mts. and control area in
  Hontianske Nemce.
• Forest insects Rhyacionia buoliana Den.et
  Schiff., Aradus cinnamomeus L. and Operophtera
  brumata L. - the surroundings of aluminium plant
  in iar nad Hronom and control areas

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Methods

• For determination of Al, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu,
  F, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, S,
  Sr, V and Zn we used the method of AAS, Central
  laboratories of the Geological Institute of
  Dionýz túr in Bratislava.
• The samples of forest insects, forest games , and
  the samples of mosses were collected in the years
  1991-1997. They were processed in the central
  laboratories of FRI Zvolen.
• The samples of mosses of 2000 year were processed
  by NAA in JOINT Dubna, Russia.
• The accuracy of the results was verified by 109
  independent laboratories and tested within IUFRO.
  
• The results were assessed by means of usual
  statistical methods and by PCA analysis. Load by
  air pollutants was calculated by means of the
  coefficient of load by air pollutants.

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RESULTS - Foliage

• The elements Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu,
  F, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, S,
  Se, Sr, V and Zn was mapped in the foliage of
  forest tree species on 3063 PMP.
• Totally 1114 samples of P. abies, 105 of P.
  sylvestris, 178 samples of A. alba, 574 of F.
  sylvatica and 126 samples of Quercus sp. were
  examined.

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Aluminium plant iar n. Hronom196019701990
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Bioidication with Snow princes
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2000 Element maps- S , F
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1970 / 2001
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The mossesP. schreberi, H. splendens, Dicranum
sp.

• The presence of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, Zn
  was mapped to record the quality of air in
  Slovakia in the years 1991-1997 .
• The presence of Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Be, Ca, Ce,
  Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hf, I, In, K, La, Mg,
  Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta,
  Tb, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Zb, Zn, Zr Zn was mapped to
  record the quality of air in Slovakia in the year
  2000.
• The highest values of heavy metals were found in
  the surroundings of decisive industrial centres,
  mainly in the east of Slovakia.
• Interesting is also the finding on decreasing the
  concentration of Pb, Cr, Zn, Cd, Ni, Fe and Cu in
  then years 1991-2000. The comparison of the
  results showed unanimously significant loading of
  mosses on Slovak-Czech-Polish border (2nd Black
  Triangle) and on nordeastern Polish-Slovak
  border.

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Concentration of heavy metals in mosses
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Concentration of elements in lime wood
(mg.kg-1)from Central Spi
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Concentrations of elements in soil horizons (in
mg.kg-1 )
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Phytophagous insect R. buoliana, O. brumata, A.
cinnamomeus

• F, Cd and Pb are accumulated by phytophagous
  insect from the polluted food on the surface of
  vegetation organs as well as from the from bound
  in plant organs and juices.
• The content of F, Pb, and Cd was statistically
  significantly increased in area of Aluminium
  plant in comparing with the control.
• These injurious elements being present in the
  emissions from aluminium plant are entering the
  food chains plants phytophagous insects.

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Concentration of F, Pb and Cd in different stages
of O. brumata and A. cinnamomeus
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Wildlife

• The concentration of F, As, Cd and Pb was higher
  in the teeth and hair of roe deer from the region
  of Aluminium plant than in control region.
• The concentration of As, Cd and F in the liver,
  kidneys and muscles of red deer, roe deer and
  wild boar from industrial regions and from the
  High Tatras was higher than hygienically
  permitted limit.

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Concentration of As,Cd,F, Pb in roe deer
Concentration of Al, As,F,Cd,Pb in liver, kidney
and meet of game
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Conclusion FOLIAGE

• Within basic research there was mapped
  distribution of ecologically significant elements
  and elements regarding their deposits as Al, As,
  Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg,
  Mn, N, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, V and Zn in the
  foliage of forest tree species in Slovakia.
• The highest values of Al, Ba, Be, F, K, Li were
  found in the vicinity of aluminium plant Co, Mg,
  Rb, V of magnesite plant As, Cu, Hg, S, Se, Zn
  in the region of nonferrous metallurgy mercury
  plant Cd, Fe in the vicinity of ferrous
  metallurgyN, Sr from military area and Ca, Cr,
  Ni from the National Park Low Tatras.

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MOSSES

• In comparison 1991/2000 the concentration of Cd,
  Pb, Zn was reduced and the contents of Cr, Cu,
  Fe, Ni were increased.
• INSECTS
• Noxious elements (F, Pb and Cd) present in the
  emission in iarska valley enter food chains
  plant-phytophagous insects.
• WILDLIFE
• Also the findings on the penetration of noxious
  substances from the air into the teeth and fur of
  roe deer in iarska valley are interesting.

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Conclusions of applied research

• Pollution deposition types (PDT) represent the
  changes in forest ecosystems, which were caused
  by different substances comming from emission.
• For the needs of practice three main pollution
  deposition types (PDT) (acid, alkaline and
  ammonia) and 8 subtypes were established.

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Pollution deposition types
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Thanks